rdblue commented on code in PR #10678:
URL: https://github.com/apache/iceberg/pull/10678#discussion_r1707662722


##########
api/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/types/TypeUtil.java:
##########
@@ -181,11 +181,34 @@ public static Map<Integer, String> indexQuotedNameById(
     return indexer.byId();
   }
 
+  /**
+   * Creates a mapping from lower-case field names to their corresponding 
field IDs.
+   *
+   * <p>This method iterates over the fields of the provided struct and maps 
each field's name
+   * (converted to lower-case) to its ID. If two fields have the same 
lower-case name, an
+   * `IllegalArgumentException` is thrown.
+   *
+   * @param struct the struct type whose fields are to be indexed
+   * @return a map where the keys are lower-case field names and the values 
are field IDs
+   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if two fields have the same lower-case 
name
+   */
   public static Map<String, Integer> indexByLowerCaseName(Types.StructType 
struct) {
     Map<String, Integer> indexByLowerCaseName = Maps.newHashMap();
     indexByName(struct)
         .forEach(
-            (name, integer) -> 
indexByLowerCaseName.put(name.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT), integer));
+            (name, integer) -> {
+              String key = name.toLowerCase(Locale.ROOT);
+              Integer prevValue = indexByLowerCaseName.get(key);
+              if (prevValue != null) {
+                Types.NestedField field1 = struct.field(prevValue);
+                Types.NestedField field2 = struct.field(integer);
+                throw new IllegalArgumentException(
+                    String.format(
+                        "Unable to build field name to id mapping because two 
fields have the same lower case name: %s and %s",

Review Comment:
   We typically use "Cannot" rather than "Unable to". Also, this could be more 
direct.
   
   How about "Cannot build lower case index: %s and %s collide"?



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