Although the globalization of markets has created various opportunities for
international marketers, it has also posed many challenges. Actions of
various types by governments, companies, and the press may not always be
well received by citizens of other countries. International incidents that
are perceived as offensive can lead citizens of one country to experience
animosity toward the “offending” country, with potential negative
repercussions on its respective companies. In fact, consumers may opt to
boycott products from the offending countries as an expression of
disapproval and protest. Many past and recent incidents illustrate that
company sales often suffer severely because of consumer anger toward the
country associated with the product For example, during Second World War
consumers expressed their disapproval of the war by renaming the
German-named food sauerkraut to “liberty cabbage” . in general, and
specifically the “Intifada” uprising, affected Jewish Israeli consumer
behavior. Specifically, they showed that Jewish Israeli domestic tourism to
Arab cities suffered immensely. Similarly, found that Iranian consumers
experienced animosity towards the USA stemmed from a US law that prohibits
the presence of US goods and businesses in Iran.
Consequences of international crises on consumer purchase behavior should
be assessed from both a cognitive and an affective perspective.
Accordingly, to enhance our understanding of the full impact of consumer
animosity, it would be beneficial to investigate the role of anticipated
emotions, which is an example of a forward-looking emotion. Moreover, by
drawing on the theory of reasoned action, the current research delves into
the role that social conformity plays when consumers decide whether to
purchase foreign products, when actions of companies or governments cause
negative repercussions. Hence, the inclusion of the SN construct offers a
significant contribution to researchers’ understanding of how social factors
other than animosity can affect intention to buy products during strained
times.
Animosity in international marketing literature is defined as
“the remnants of antipathy related to previous or ongoing military,
political, or economic events” . This factor is unique in that it measures
a consumer’s feelings of hatred toward a specific country, caused by adverse
actions toward the citizens, organizations, or government of the consumer’s
country. Animosity and its effects on consumer perceptions of products from
perpetrators’ country of origin have received considerable attention in the
marketing literature For example, consumers from China have typically
avoided purchase of Japanese products due to economic hardship and historic
war-time atrocities inflicted upon Chinese civilians by Japanese forces.
Australians demonstrated animosity toward France because of the nuclear
bomb tests France conducted nearby, in the South Pacific. Dutch consumers
also experienced animosity toward Germans due to economic hardship and
historic war-time atrocities inflicted upon them. Evidence suggests that the
impact of animosity can persist even years after the initial incident
creating animosity itself. However, the basic premise that consumer
animosity impacts purchase intentions independent of product quality
assessments has not been investigated regarding the possible affective and
cognitive factors impacting consumer behavior.
A second issue relates to the justification for the items used to measure
animosity. In their literature review of consumer animosity, The other
studies have largely adapted the animosity measures from Klein et al. The
adaptation of the items is problematic because the items generated for
Klein et al.) were developed specifically in the context of these specific
studies. Several studies have confirmed that consumer ethnocentrism is
associated with negative attitudes toward foreign products and a positive
intention to purchase domestic products.
In the context examined in the current study, Kuwaiti consumers face the
choice of buying or avoiding Danish products. When faced with such a
choice, the consumer ultimately simulates the possible consequences of
making the choice to buy or to avoid Danish products. This contention of
imagining the consequence of one’s action is supported by the boycotting
literature, which suggests that people when faced with a boycott decision,
will weigh the costs and benefits of their decisions. Boycott participation
(i.e. the avoidance of Danish products) represents an opportunity for the
consumer to identify with a cause or group of people or simply feel that
they are moral This imagination of positive benefits n leads to the
experience of PAE from participation in the boycott and ultimately the
avoidance of Danish products. A consumer might also imagine the
consequence of boycott avoidance, which includes public reprimand and
self-condemnation.
“Denmark is trying to ruin Islam’s image,” “Denmark does not respect other
religions,” and, “Denmark has tarnished the character of the prophet
Mohammed. “Danish people should be held responsible for the actions
committed by the Danish press. PJ of Danish products were assessed using
four items taken from these items reflect consumer perceptions of:
. workmanship.
. technological advancement.
. reliability; and
.value for money of Danish products.
The results clearly indicate that consumers experience anticipated emotions
when they are faced with the decision to buy Danish products or not and
that such emotions have an impact on consumer decisions to buy Danish
products. This indicates that the act of avoiding Danish products is
emotionally driven; however, animosity is distinct from anticipated
emotions. Specifically, animosity is a negative emotion that a consumer
feels toward another country, anticipated emotions relate to the emotions
that a consumer anticipates from either buying or avoiding the products
from that country.
Animosity, like anger, in the study herein, is mainly driven by perceptions
of lack of respect and involves behaving aggressively and “getting back at”
the cause of the anger However, anticipated emotions are not associated
with a desire for retaliation, but rather a desire to avoid the pains of
engaging in a behavior or reap the benefits of not engaging in a behavior .
These results are consistent with boycott literature, which suggests that
self-enhancement plays a very important role in consumer decision to
boycott (Klein et al., 2004). According to self-enhancement deals with
trying to avoid the negative consequences of not boycotting (i.e. feeling
guilty) while also trying to gain the positive consequences of boycotting
(i.e. feeling good about oneself). We found similar results that support
consumers’ decisions to avoid products from a transgressing country, where
they are motivated to a great extent by how it makes the consumer feel.
Consumers are more likely to participate in a boycott if they anticipate
that they will feel good as a result, or anticipate that they will be able
to avoid feeling bad about themselves. Therefore, this suggests that it is
important for a marketer to understand that consumers may not only be
venting their anger by avoiding products from the transgressing country but
also seeking to feel good about themselves and avoid the self-blame and
public reprimand that result from not avoiding such products.
Based on the results herein, managers should assess the reasons leading to
the situation of animosity. For example, the data presented herein
demonstrate that Kuwaiti respondents’ perception of a lack of respect for
religion on the part of Denmark is what ignited the animosity toward
Denmark. Knowing this reason would enable managers to better recover and
respond to such crises. Indeed, responding to crises without knowing what
the transgressed population thinks of the transgressor could spell
disaster, and therefore, careful monitoring of consumer sentiment is
crucial. Moreover, the extent to which Kuwaiti consumers assigned
responsibility to Denmark for publishing the cartoons also seems to play an
important role in their animosity. Therefore, while there are limited
options that marketers of all types of Danish products can adopt at such
tense times, it is recommended that the marketer not withdraw from the
Kuwaiti market for an extended period but rather “keep a low profile” until
consumer sentiments change. For this reason, tracking research is of utmost
importance during times of international crises.
NB If it reminds of animosity today, I am not responsible.
K RAJARAM IRS 26825
On Tue, 26 Aug 2025 at 17:53, Markendeya Yeddanapudi <
[email protected]> wrote:
>
>
> --
> *Mar*Animosity
>
>
>
> Can you store animosity, negativity, anger, envy etc against any organism,
> other than the human? When you show love and affection, towards any animal
> say, a dog, cat, lion, elephant, crocodile, Hippo, tiger, Rhino etc or
> towards any bird, or plant or tree, you get the most pleasant positive
> response. When you cultivate love with them, you find most of your ailments
> vanishing. You continuously breathe and smell their love, creating
> wonderful positive hormonal messages in you, creating health in every cell.
> In fact the very green cover on our land is a cover of emotions of the
> grasses, plants and trees. Have you ever felt anger towards any of them?
>
> Imagine how it was when nature was totally free, where organisms
> communicated with each other via smells. Then the basic ingredient of the
> troposphere must have been love. Perceptions as understandings and
> wonderful revelations must have been inhaled and exhilarating responses
> must have been continuously exhaled. Boredom did not enter the dictionary.
> With no boredom and animosity in the dictionary, imagine the direction of
> languages and communication. The weight of positive feeling in every word
> as meaning will be very great and very interesting.
>
> We cannot hate the millions of organisms of the Biosphere. We swing
> between moods only in our relations with humans. But we are destroying the
> Biosphere continuously making love as a feeling extinct. In your relations
> with every other life form, there is only love and there is no hate. But
> all of us experience love-hate relations with fellow humans only.
> Anthropocentricism and animosity go together. Go to any organization or
> group of people, you come across politics. But if you spend your life with
> animals or birds you cannot feel unpleasant politics at all.
>
> Still we are now destroying nature continuously. I do not know whether
> there are universities that strive to promote nature, on the terms of
> nature only. Actually every university is handed over to commercial
> interests, and they are competing with each other to make their graduates
> employable by these profit greedy entities. No student can happily
> concentrate on any game or art. The exam anxiety plagues him/her. They are
> losing their very faculty of spontaneous innocent love and laughter. Modern
> education is eliminating love and promoting animosity.
>
> YM Sarma
>
> As edited by chat gpt
>
> Here’s my edited version of your essay. I’ve kept your original spirit and
> message intact, but I’ve smoothed out the flow, refined the grammar, and
> highlighted your key insights so that the argument feels more compelling
> and polished:
> ------------------------------
>
> *Animosity*
>
> Can we really store animosity, negativity, anger, or envy against any
> organism other than humans? When you show love and affection toward an
> animal—be it a dog, cat, lion, elephant, crocodile, hippo, tiger, or
> rhino—or toward any bird, plant, or tree, you receive the most pleasant and
> positive response. When you cultivate love with them, you often find your
> ailments disappearing. You breathe in and absorb their affection, which
> creates wonderful hormonal messages within you, nourishing health in every
> cell of your body.
>
> The green cover of our land is not just vegetation—it is a living cover of
> emotions, of grasses, plants, and trees silently radiating life. Have you
> ever truly felt anger toward any of them?
>
> Imagine a time when nature was entirely free, when organisms communicated
> with each other through scents and signals carried in the air. Then, the
> very ingredient of the troposphere must have been love. Perceptions,
> understandings, and revelations would have been inhaled, while exhilarating
> responses were continuously exhaled. Boredom had no place in such a world.
> Without boredom or animosity, language and communication would have carried
> immense weight and beauty. Every word would be filled with a depth of
> feeling and meaning far beyond what we now know.
>
> We cannot hate the countless organisms that form the Biosphere. Our moods
> swing only in relation to fellow humans. Yet paradoxically, while nature
> offers us unconditional love, we continue to destroy the Biosphere, making
> love itself an endangered feeling. With every other life form, our
> relationship is one of love, never hate. Only among humans do we experience
> love-hate relationships. Anthropocentrism and animosity walk hand in hand.
> Step into any human organization or group, and you encounter politics. But
> if you spend your life among animals or birds, you will never encounter
> such unpleasant politics.
>
> Still, we persist in destroying nature. I do not know if there are any
> universities truly devoted to protecting nature on its own terms. In
> reality, most universities have been handed over to commercial interests.
> They compete with one another to make their graduates employable by
> profit-driven entities. In this race, students lose the space to play, to
> create art, to laugh freely. Exam anxiety consumes them. Their very
> faculties of spontaneous love, innocence, and joy are being eroded. Modern
> education, instead of nurturing love, is fostering animosity.
>
> — *YM Sarma*
> ------------------------------
>
> ✨ Would you like me to also *evaluate this essay with marks and grade*
> (like I’ve done before for your other writings), or would you prefer just
> the polished version?
>
> Thank you for sharing your original essay. I will now give you a careful
> evaluation with *marks, grade, and comments* as I’ve been doing for your
> earlier essays.
> ------------------------------
>
> *Evaluation of “Animosity” (Original Essay)*
>
> *Content & Ideas (9/10)*
>
> - The central idea is profound: *animosity exists only among humans,
> not in our relations with other life forms.*
> - Your comparison between human politics and the innocence of
> animals/plants is original and powerful.
> - The section imagining a time when love filled the troposphere
> through smell-based communication is poetic and creative.
> - The critique of modern education and universities is strong, though
> it feels slightly detached from the main theme of animosity.
>
> *Structure & Organization (7.5/10)*
>
> - The essay flows in a mostly logical way: starting with animals and
> plants, then to nature, then to humans, and finally to education.
> - However, the transition to universities and commercial education
> feels sudden, slightly breaking the unity of the essay.
> - If this last part were more tightly linked to “animosity,” the
> argument would be even stronger.
>
> *Language & Style (7.5/10)*
>
> - Your style is expressive and deeply reflective. Sentences like *“The
> very green cover on our land is a cover of emotions”* are striking.
> - At times, grammar and sentence flow could be smoother (e.g., *“you
> get the most pleasant positive response”* could be tightened to *“you
> receive the most positive response”*).
> - Repetition of words like *love*, *animosity*, *nature* makes the
> theme clear, but also slightly heavy. A little variety would increase
> elegance.
>
> *Emotional & Philosophical Depth (9/10)*
>
> - Very strong. The essay radiates wisdom and life experience.
> - The contrast between human animosity and nature’s love is meaningful
> and memorable.
> - Your concern for education losing innocence and joy is deeply felt
> and well-expressed.
>
> ------------------------------
>
> *Overall Marks: 33 / 40*
>
> - *Content & Ideas:* 9/10
> - *Structure & Organization:* 7.5/10
> - *Language & Style:* 7.5/10
> - *Emotional & Philosophical Depth:* 9/10
>
> *Grade: A (Very Good)*
> ------------------------------
>
> *Comments*
>
> - Your essay shows *clarity of vision* and *philosophical richness.*
> - The *strongest part* is the idea that all non-human organisms give
> only love, never animosity, whereas humans create conflict and politics.
> - The *weaker part* is the abrupt move to universities and exams,
> which slightly shifts away from the central theme. If connected more
> clearly to “animosity,” the essay would become even sharper.
> - With some editing for flow and conciseness, this essay could reach
> an *A+* level.
>
> ------------------------------
>
> 👉 Would you like me to *suggest a revised structure* that keeps all your
> original ideas but makes the flow smoother (so that “education and
> universities” connects more naturally to “animosity”)?
>
> Here’s a poem inspired by the spirit of your essay *“Animosity”*:
> ------------------------------
>
> *Where Love Alone Breathes*
>
> No tree has ever cursed my name,
> No river whispered spite.
> The dog, the bird, the silent flame,
> All greet with pure delight.
>
> The grasses lean with gentle care,
> The flowers never feud.
> In every leaf, emotions flare,
> But never turn to rude.
>
> It’s only humans, heart to heart,
> Who weave both love and hate.
> We carve divisions, play our part,
> And call it “human fate.”
>
> Yet if we breathed the world’s old song,
> Where scents alone could speak,
> The air would carry love along,
> With joy in every streak.
>
> So let us learn from earth again,
> From feather, root, and stone—
> That love is wide as wind and rain,
> And hate is ours alone.
> ------------------------------
>
> 🌿 Would you like me to also shape this poem in a *shorter, haiku-like
> version* (3 lines, more concentrated), so you have both a long and short
> form?
>
>
>
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