So why did Bluez initiate A2DP even when the headset was the one that
established the ACL?

The bluetoothd logs help out here:

Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: src/adapter.c:connected_callback() 
hci0 device FC:58:FA:7F:E5:18 connected eir_len 5
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: src/profile.c:ext_confirm() incoming 
connect from FC:58:FA:7F:E5:18
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: src/service.c:btd_service_ref() 
0x562f6441d710: ref=2
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: src/profile.c:ext_confirm() Headset 
Voice gateway authorizing connection from FC:58:FA:7F:E5:18
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: src/profile.c:ext_auth() 
FC:58:FA:7F:E5:18 authorized to connect to Headset Voice gateway
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: src/profile.c:ext_connect() Headset 
Voice gateway connected to FC:58:FA:7F:E5:18
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: src/service.c:change_state() 
0x562f6441d710: device FC:58:FA:7F:E5:18 profile Headset Voice gateway state 
changed: disconnected -> connecting (0)
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: src/service.c:change_state() 
0x562f6441d710: device FC:58:FA:7F:E5:18 profile Headset Voice gateway state 
changed: connecting -> connected (0)
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: 
src/device.c:device_profile_connected() Headset Voice gateway Success (0)
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: plugins/policy.c:policy_connect() 
/org/bluez/hci0/dev_FC_58_FA_7F_E5_18 profile a2dp-sink
Aug 29 00:54:47 RhoPC bluetoothd[4046739]: 
profiles/audio/a2dp.c:a2dp_sink_connect() path 
/org/bluez/hci0/dev_FC_58_FA_7F_E5_18

One can easily see at the end there, where something in plugins/policy.c
kicks off A2DP connection, apparently as soon as it got word that HFP
had connected.

Checking that file, the offending code seems to be this in hs_cb():

case BTD_SERVICE_STATE_CONNECTED:
                /* Check if service initiate the connection then proceed
                 * immediately otherwise set timer
                 */
                if (old_state == BTD_SERVICE_STATE_CONNECTING)
                        policy_connect(data, sink);
                else if (btd_service_get_state(sink) !=
                                                BTD_SERVICE_STATE_CONNECTED)
                        policy_set_sink_timer(data);
                break;

The reasoning is sound though -- if the HFP connection was locally
initiated i.e. previously in STATE_CONNECTING, then go ahead and connect
A2DP right now. Otherwise, respect right-of-way and set a timer to
connect it in around 2s, in case the headset somehow fails to do so.

The problem is, this HFP connection was NOT locally initiated. So why
was policy.c informed that it is?

-- 
You received this bug notification because you are a member of Kernel
Packages, which is subscribed to bluez in Ubuntu.
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1941977

Title:
  PC streams music over low-quality HFP/SCO connection, instead of
  A2DP/AVDTP

Status in bluez package in Ubuntu:
  New

Bug description:
  This issue was first discovered when I got this headset 2 years back:
  https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/B01C2QCPYI.

  STEPS
  * Enable Bluetooth on the PC
  * Have music or some video playing on the PC
  * Power on the (already-paired) headset. It automatically connects to the PC.

  EXPECTED RESULT
  The PC's audio should now be streamed to the headset, over high-quality A2DP

  ACTUAL RESULT
  The PC's audio gets streamed over the low-quality HFP/SCO connection instead. 

  Stopping and resuming the stream changes nothing. I have to manually
  open Blueman and right-click on the device and select "High-quality
  A2DP profile", for it to switch to the expected high-quality A2DP
  transport.

  HCI snoop logs and verbose bluetoothd-syslogs taken in both headset-
  initiated and PC-initiated connections are attached.

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 20.04
  Package: bluez 5.53-0ubuntu3.3 [modified: 
lib/systemd/system/bluetooth.service]
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 5.4.0-74.83-generic 5.4.114
  Uname: Linux 5.4.0-74-generic x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.20.11-0ubuntu27.18
  Architecture: amd64
  CasperMD5CheckResult: skip
  CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME
  Date: Sun Aug 29 03:49:08 2021
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2019-06-08 (812 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 19.04 "Disco Dingo" - Release amd64 (20190416)
  InterestingModules: rfcomm bnep btusb bluetooth
  MachineType: Dell Inc. XPS 13 9380
  ProcEnviron:
   LANGUAGE=en_GB:en
   PATH=(custom, no user)
   XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=<set>
   LANG=en_GB.UTF-8
   SHELL=/bin/bash
  ProcKernelCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=/boot/vmlinuz-5.4.0-74-generic 
root=UUID=93dae559-0f0d-4e36-9318-ee7154840a9f ro 
resume=UUID=01c18f00-e0eb-4891-9bf1-3110416d9b39 quiet splash 
mem_sleep_default=deep vt.handoff=7
  SourcePackage: bluez
  UpgradeStatus: No upgrade log present (probably fresh install)
  dmi.bios.date: 12/14/2020
  dmi.bios.vendor: Dell Inc.
  dmi.bios.version: 1.12.1
  dmi.board.name: 0KTW76
  dmi.board.vendor: Dell Inc.
  dmi.board.version: A00
  dmi.chassis.type: 10
  dmi.chassis.vendor: Dell Inc.
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnDellInc.:bvr1.12.1:bd12/14/2020:svnDellInc.:pnXPS139380:pvr:rvnDellInc.:rn0KTW76:rvrA00:cvnDellInc.:ct10:cvr:
  dmi.product.family: XPS
  dmi.product.name: XPS 13 9380
  dmi.product.sku: 08AF
  dmi.sys.vendor: Dell Inc.
  hciconfig:
   hci0:        Type: Primary  Bus: USB
        BD Address: 9C:B6:D0:99:1D:20  ACL MTU: 1024:8  SCO MTU: 50:8
        UP RUNNING PSCAN 
        RX bytes:3313120 acl:776 sco:26275 events:305102 errors:0
        TX bytes:255208317 acl:298108 sco:22053 commands:6779 errors:0
  mtime.conffile..etc.bluetooth.main.conf: 2020-04-27T23:21:52.866445

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