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https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-8920?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=16939258#comment-16939258
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Bruno Roustant commented on LUCENE-8920:
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I should invert D1 for clarity, as you did:

[direct-addressing] if (max label - min label) / n <= D1

with

timeSpaceBalance = MORE_COMPACT (memory < x1)
D1 = 1.25

timeSpaceBalance = COMPACT (memory x1)
D1 = 1.5

timeSpaceBalance = FAST (memory x2 ?)
D1 = 2

timeSpaceBalance = FASTER (memory x3 ?)
D1 = 3

> Reduce size of FSTs due to use of direct-addressing encoding 
> -------------------------------------------------------------
>
>                 Key: LUCENE-8920
>                 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/LUCENE-8920
>             Project: Lucene - Core
>          Issue Type: Improvement
>            Reporter: Michael Sokolov
>            Priority: Blocker
>             Fix For: 8.3
>
>          Time Spent: 1h 10m
>  Remaining Estimate: 0h
>
> Some data can lead to worst-case ~4x RAM usage due to this optimization. 
> Several ideas were suggested to combat this on the mailing list:
> bq. I think we can improve thesituation here by tracking, per-FST instance, 
> the size increase we're seeing while building (or perhaps do a preliminary 
> pass before building) in order to decide whether to apply the encoding. 
> bq. we could also make the encoding a bit more efficient. For instance I 
> noticed that arc metadata is pretty large in some cases (in the 10-20 bytes) 
> which make gaps very costly. Associating each label with a dense id and 
> having an intermediate lookup, ie. lookup label -> id and then id->arc offset 
> instead of doing label->arc directly could save a lot of space in some cases? 
> Also it seems that we are repeating the label in the arc metadata when 
> array-with-gaps is used, even though it shouldn't be necessary since the 
> label is implicit from the address?



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