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https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CALCITE-7463?page=com.atlassian.jira.plugin.system.issuetabpanels:comment-tabpanel&focusedCommentId=18071650#comment-18071650
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Zhen Chen commented on CALCITE-7463:
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This rule actually leverages Calcite operator’s deepEquals for comparison—two 
subexpressions are considered to have the same origin as long as they are 
structurally identical. Based on this "same origin" assumption, rewrite 
optimizations are applied. Before the rewrite, there are two separate sub-plans 
(if there are two SCANs, they can execute independently), but after the 
rewrite, the two identical sub-plans are merged into one.  

Regarding the behavior you mentioned—similar to CTE—I’m not certain how we 
should define or enforce it. Perhaps we can establish a specification, but I’m 
unsure how to design such a rewrite rule in a way that everyone would find 
reasonable and consistent.

> UnionToFilterRule incorrectly rewrites UNION with LIMIT
> -------------------------------------------------------
>
>                 Key: CALCITE-7463
>                 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/CALCITE-7463
>             Project: Calcite
>          Issue Type: Bug
>          Components: core
>    Affects Versions: 1.41.0
>            Reporter: Zhen Chen
>            Priority: Major
>             Fix For: 1.42.0
>
>
> The {{UnionToFilterRule}} produces incorrect results when applied to inputs 
> that contain {{{}LIMIT{}}}.
> Specifically, the rule incorrectly collapses:
> {code:java}
> (SELECT mgr, comm FROM emp LIMIT 2)
> UNION
> (SELECT mgr, comm FROM emp LIMIT 2) {code}
> into:
> {code:java}
> SELECT DISTINCT mgr, comm FROM emp LIMIT 2 {code}
> This transformation is {*}not semantically equivalent{*}.
> *Reproduction*
> SQL
> {code:java}
> (SELECT mgr, comm FROM emp LIMIT 2)
> UNION
> (SELECT mgr, comm FROM emp LIMIT 2) {code}
> h4. Plan Before
> {code:java}
> LogicalUnion(all=[false])
>   LogicalSort(fetch=[2])
>     LogicalProject(MGR=[$3], COMM=[$6])
>       LogicalTableScan(table=[[CATALOG, SALES, EMP]])
>   LogicalSort(fetch=[2])
>     LogicalProject(MGR=[$3], COMM=[$6])
>       LogicalTableScan(table=[[CATALOG, SALES, EMP]]) {code}
> *Plan After (Incorrect)*
> {code:java}
> LogicalAggregate(group=[{0, 1}])
>   LogicalSort(fetch=[2])
>     LogicalProject(MGR=[$3], COMM=[$6])
>       LogicalTableScan(table=[[CATALOG, SALES, EMP]]) {code}
> *Expected Behavior*
> The transformation should NOT be applied when any input of UNION contains 
> LogicalSort(That contains ORDER BY, LIMIT, OFFSET). 
>  



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