https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=107273
--- Comment #1 from Zhendong Su <zhendong.su at inf dot ethz.ch> --- Likely a related instance (although it fails also at -Os and -O2 besides -O3). Compiler Explorer: https://godbolt.org/z/rdajs47K6 [515] % gcctk -v Using built-in specs. COLLECT_GCC=gcctk COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/local/suz-local/software/local/gcc-trunk/libexec/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/13.0.0/lto-wrapper Target: x86_64-pc-linux-gnu Configured with: ../gcc-trunk/configure --disable-bootstrap --enable-checking=yes --prefix=/local/suz-local/software/local/gcc-trunk --enable-sanitizers --enable-languages=c,c++ --disable-werror --enable-multilib --with-system-zlib Thread model: posix Supported LTO compression algorithms: zlib gcc version 13.0.0 20221015 (experimental) [master r13-3311-gbaeec7cc83b] (GCC) [516] % [516] % gcctk -O1 small.c; ./a.out [517] % [517] % gcctk -Os small.c [518] % ./a.out Illegal instruction [519] % [519] % cat small.c int a, d, f; char b, g; unsigned i; int main() { int c = 300, h = 40; char e = 1; for (; a < 1; a++) { c = ~((i - ~c) | e); L1: e = f = c; if (c) if (c > -200) e = g % (1 << h); char k = 0; L2:; } if (b) { if (d) goto L2; if (!b) goto L1; } return 0; }