Please show the output of cat /etc/anacrontab
Please also think hard about if you have configured something on your Debian 11 machines in the past? I'm not an expert in cron and anacron but in my understanding anacron do not start cron-jobs after their scheduled time (in hours in minutes). But I might be wrong.
Maybe you manually configured your Debian 11 in the past that way and forgot it then? The upgrade to Debian 12 might overwrite your anacron/cron config with some default behavior?
It is just an idea and I'll investigate further. It is also possible that there is a BIT bug.