A few more observations below.

Running the file command on both gives us:

  linux/arch/arm64/boot$ file Image.gz
  Image.gz: gzip compressed data, max compression, from Unix, original size 
modulo 2^32 63220224

  linux/arch/arm64/boot$ file vmlinuz.efi
  vmlinuz.efi: PE32+ executable (EFI application) Aarch64 (stripped to external 
PDB), for MS Windows, 2 sections

This change does not change the binary size:

  -rw-r--r--  1 user ubuntu  19M Feb 18 12:34 Image.gz
  -rwxr-xr-x  1 user ubuntu  19M Feb 16 16:16 vmlinuz.efi

Compared to the uncompressed image:

  -rw-r--r--  1 user ubuntu  61M Feb 16 16:16 Image

As described in the initial report, Image.gz compresses the whole
binary, vmlinuz.efi only compresses the payload to be decompressed by
the stub. The stub code size is negligible so they are roughly the same
size.

Heinrich mentioned that there was a similar with Risc-V kernels in the
past where they tried to run the kernel directly from u-boot EFI.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/2098111

Title:
  arm64: kernel image cannot be booted in UEFI despite EFI stub and
  ZBOOT

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