It seems an important component to the failure scenario is the hardware.
The customer equipment is a Cisco UCS chassis and the MAAS nodes are
blades in that chassis. Even though we cannot find anything in
configuration that specifically adds the vlan-0 tag (or priority tag),
traffic between the blades goes out one node untagged and shows up
tagged on the other node.

Some bugs/discussions around vlan-0 and UCS:

  https://quickview.cloudapps.cisco.com/quickview/bug/CSCuu29425
  https://quickview.cloudapps.cisco.com/quickview/bug/CSCuz83183
  https://bugs.launchpad.net/opencontrail/+bug/1457805
  https://arstechnica.com/civis/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=1442797
  https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/fds-dev/2017-May/000710.html
  
http://lists.openstack.org/pipermail/openstack-operators/2013-April/002777.html
  https://linux.oracle.com/pls/apex/f?p=102:2:::NO::P2_VC_ID,P2_VERSION:606,1.0

As a note, Cisco seems to suggest it's a bug in Linux, citing these two
old posts:

  https://lists.openwall.net/netdev/2013/09/10/30
  https://lists.linuxfoundation.org/pipermail/bridge/2015-July/009630.html

But I'm not convinced they are valid since this vlan-0 tag problem only
shows up with this specific Cisco hardware. It seems like there are
multiple network related software projects (like ipxe, vpp, probably
others) that are forced to deal with the special case of vlan 0
(priority tagging) being added by Cisco UCS switches because Cisco's
stance is that they're not adding the tags.

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1805920

Title:
  iPXE ignores vlan 0 traffic

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