This problem also still exists with much newer kernels, for me with
4.15.0-12 on Ubuntu 18.04 (alpha)

------------------------------------
 diff -uN /var/lib/dpkg/info/initramfs-tools.postinst~ 
/var/lib/dpkg/info/initramfs-tools.postinst
--- /var/lib/dpkg/info/initramfs-tools.postinst~        2018-02-20 
22:34:46.000000000 +0100
+++ /var/lib/dpkg/info/initramfs-tools.postinst 2018-03-22 13:08:09.989213260 
+0100
@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@
 # Regenerate initramfs whenever we go to dpkg state `installed'
 if [ "x$1" != xtriggered ]; then
        # this activates the trigger, if triggers are working
-       update-initramfs -u
+       update-initramfs -u -v
 else
        # force it to actually happen
-       DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE='' update-initramfs -u
+       DPKG_MAINTSCRIPT_PACKAGE='' update-initramfs -u -v
 fi
 
 # Automatically added by dh_installdeb/11.1.4ubuntu1
-----------------------------------------
diff -uN /usr/sbin/update-initramfs~ /usr/sbin/update-initramfs
--- /usr/sbin/update-initramfs~ 2018-01-05 13:15:45.000000000 +0100
+++ /usr/sbin/update-initramfs  2018-03-22 13:11:34.440124524 +0100
@@ -158,7 +158,9 @@
                mv -f "${initramfs}.new" "${initramfs}"
                set_sha1
                # Guard against an unclean shutdown
-               sync
+               # The sync never returns and seems to deadlock for some reason
+               # so comment it out for the time beeing
+               #sync
        else
                mkinitramfs_return="$?"
                remove_initramfs_bak
---------------------------------------------------------------
Also take sync out of commission in order to allow for a clean shutdown 
(important: re-enable after the reboot!). Also give the system enough time to 
sync all its buffers on its own before restarting.

cd /bin
mv sync sync.real
cp ls sync


This helped me before and now I have the deadlocked sync issue again.
root@charion:~# ps auxwww | grep sync
systemd+  1949  0.0  0.0 146076  3364 ?        Ssl  11:56   0:00 
/lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd
root     19420  0.0  0.0   7796   780 pts/7    D+   12:03   0:00 sync
root     22919  0.0  0.0  14756  1120 pts/2    S+   13:20   0:00 grep 
--color=auto sync


So I'll try to restart and try to run the 
update-initramfs -u -v manually with these changes and then try to finish the 
apt-get upgrade

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1667512

Title:
  update-initramfs hangs on upgrade, dpkg unusable, unbootable system

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