Note that on my machine (clean 16.10 install, upgraded to 17.04 and
later 17.10), DNS resolution already partially broke in 17.04 (involving
the switch to systemd-resolve).  With Ubuntu 17.04, DNS resolution was
broken after suspending, moving to a different WiFi, and resuming the
machine.  This could be manually fixed by manually running dhclient.
This does not fix the abovementioned issue, though.
** Description changed:

  Since upgrading to 17.10, hostname resolution (via, e.g., Firefox or the
  "host" command-line tool) does not work reliably anymore.  Once hostname
  resolution fails (Firefox 57: "Hmm.  We're having trouble finding that
  site."), manually resolving the host via "systemd-resolve" succeeds and
  temporarily allows Firefox to also resolve that host.  After a few
  minutes, resolution of the same host fails again.
  
  Example with command-line "host" utility:
  
  $ host www.heise.de
  ;; connection timed out; no servers could be reached
- $ cat /etc/resolv.conf 
+ $ cat /etc/resolv.conf
  # Dynamic resolv.conf(5) file for glibc resolver(3) generated by resolvconf(8)
  #     DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE BY HAND -- YOUR CHANGES WILL BE OVERWRITTEN
  # 127.0.0.53 is the systemd-resolved stub resolver.
  # run "systemd-resolve --status" to see details about the actual nameservers.
  
  nameserver 127.0.0.53
  search fritz.box
  $ systemd-resolve www.heise.de
  www.heise.de: 2a02:2e0:3fe:1001:7777:772e:2:85
-               193.99.144.85
+               193.99.144.85
  
  -- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 273.2ms.
  -- Data is authenticated: no
  $ host www.heise.de
  www.heise.de has address 193.99.144.85
  www.heise.de has IPv6 address 2a02:2e0:3fe:1001:7777:772e:2:85
+ $ systemd-resolve --status
  Global
-          DNS Servers: 192.168.178.1
-           DNS Domain: fritz.box
-           DNSSEC NTA: 10.in-addr.arpa
-                       16.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       168.192.in-addr.arpa
-                       17.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       18.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       19.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       20.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       21.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       22.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       23.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       24.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       25.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       26.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       27.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       28.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       29.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       30.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       31.172.in-addr.arpa
-                       corp
-                       d.f.ip6.arpa
-                       home
-                       internal
-                       intranet
-                       lan
-                       local
-                       private
-                       test
+          DNS Servers: 192.168.178.1
+           DNS Domain: fritz.box
+           DNSSEC NTA: 10.in-addr.arpa
+                       16.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       168.192.in-addr.arpa
+                       17.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       18.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       19.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       20.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       21.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       22.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       23.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       24.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       25.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       26.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       27.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       28.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       29.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       30.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       31.172.in-addr.arpa
+                       corp
+                       d.f.ip6.arpa
+                       home
+                       internal
+                       intranet
+                       lan
+                       local
+                       private
+                       test
  
  Link 4 (wlp3s0)
-       Current Scopes: DNS LLMNR/IPv4 LLMNR/IPv6
-        LLMNR setting: yes
+       Current Scopes: DNS LLMNR/IPv4 LLMNR/IPv6
+        LLMNR setting: yes
  MulticastDNS setting: no
-       DNSSEC setting: no
-     DNSSEC supported: no
-          DNS Servers: fd00::cece:1eff:fe61:2ece
+       DNSSEC setting: no
+     DNSSEC supported: no
+          DNS Servers: fd00::cece:1eff:fe61:2ece
  
  Link 3 (enp0s20f0u5c2)
-       Current Scopes: none
-        LLMNR setting: yes
+       Current Scopes: none
+        LLMNR setting: yes
  MulticastDNS setting: no
-       DNSSEC setting: no
-     DNSSEC supported: no
+       DNSSEC setting: no
+     DNSSEC supported: no
  
  Link 2 (enp0s31f6)
-       Current Scopes: none
-        LLMNR setting: yes
+       Current Scopes: none
+        LLMNR setting: yes
  MulticastDNS setting: no
-       DNSSEC setting: no
-     DNSSEC supported: no
+       DNSSEC setting: no
+     DNSSEC supported: no
  
  [... wait 2-3 minutes ...]
  
  $ host www.heise.de
  ;; connection timed out; no servers could be reached
  $ systemd-resolve www.heise.de
  www.heise.de: 2a02:2e0:3fe:1001:7777:772e:2:85
-               193.99.144.85
+               193.99.144.85
  
  -- Information acquired via protocol DNS in 284.2ms.
  -- Data is authenticated: no
  $ host www.heise.de
  www.heise.de has address 193.99.144.85
  www.heise.de has IPv6 address 2a02:2e0:3fe:1001:7777:772e:2:85
  
  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 17.10
  Package: systemd 234-2ubuntu12.1
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 4.13.0-16.19-generic 4.13.4
  Uname: Linux 4.13.0-16-generic x86_64
  ApportVersion: 2.20.7-0ubuntu3.4
  Architecture: amd64
  CurrentDesktop: KDE
  Date: Sat Nov 18 19:32:56 2017
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2016-11-26 (357 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Kubuntu 16.10 "Yakkety Yak" - Release amd64 (20161012.1)
  MachineType: LENOVO 20FXS05500
  ProcKernelCmdLine: BOOT_IMAGE=/vmlinuz-4.13.0-16-generic 
root=/dev/mapper/vgubuntu-root ro kopt=root=/dev/mapper/vgubuntu-root
  SourcePackage: systemd
  UpgradeStatus: Upgraded to artful on 2017-10-21 (28 days ago)
  dmi.bios.date: 09/04/2017
  dmi.bios.vendor: LENOVO
  dmi.bios.version: R07ET79W (2.19 )
  dmi.board.asset.tag: Not Available
  dmi.board.name: 20FXS05500
  dmi.board.vendor: LENOVO
  dmi.board.version: Not Defined
  dmi.chassis.asset.tag: No Asset Information
  dmi.chassis.type: 10
  dmi.chassis.vendor: LENOVO
  dmi.chassis.version: None
  dmi.modalias: 
dmi:bvnLENOVO:bvrR07ET79W(2.19):bd09/04/2017:svnLENOVO:pn20FXS05500:pvrThinkPadT460p:rvnLENOVO:rn20FXS05500:rvrNotDefined:cvnLENOVO:ct10:cvrNone:
  dmi.product.family: ThinkPad T460p
  dmi.product.name: 20FXS05500
  dmi.product.version: ThinkPad T460p
  dmi.sys.vendor: LENOVO

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1733103

Title:
  DNS hostname resolution fails intermittently

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