I experienced the same problem on a System running 15.04. I know that's
EOL, but just for reference this is how I ended up in this situation:

My system is a server (Supermicro SYS-6028R-WTRT, latest firmware) with
a 4TB RAID1 for the OS, and another RAID volume for data. The system
supports legacy and UEFI boot, but due to the disk size involved I
disabled legacy or "dual mode" booting and forced the system to UEFI
only so that the installer would dtrt on an EFI system.

I used MAAS to install it. MAAS (or, the preseeds that ship with it)
created a 4TB root fs (cloudimg-rootfs) and an EFI partition.

That is the fundamental issue here: grub cannot deal with files outside
the 2TB limit it seems. I tried to manually load the initrd, and got a
similar error message.

So I started using the rescue boot provided by the Ubuntu Server install
ISO to repartition.

In the end, I created separate LVM logical volumes on the second RAID,
moved /usr /var /home to separate filesystems in LVM, and eventually
reduced the space consumed by the rootfs to a manageable size.

I created another LV for the root filesystem and one for swap (the MAAS
install used /swap.img on the root fs...)

Then I copied all the directories from the root partition (/bin, /sbin,
/lib etc) to that new filesystem.

After editing fstab in the new root, and rebooting with the rescue image
using the new LV as root FS, I was able to delete my /dev/sda1, recreate
it with ~1.5TB of space, and moved everything that was in /boot on the
root filesystem over there.

Summary: I made sure that grub, kernel etc live in an area of the disk
that grub can access.

After repartitioning, I did update-grub, reinstalled the kernel just to
be sure, and rebooted - the system now boots fine again.

My suggestion is to still create a ~1GB /boot partition even on EFI
systems. And in case the installer still defaults to ~256M in case of
legacy systems, that should get fixed as well if the disk is large
enough - autoremoving old kernels was only fixed recently :)

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1284196

Title:
  Install to 3TB disk fails with "attempt to read or write outside of
  disk" error on reboot

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