This problem is caused by a race condition, which is why only some
people are experiencing it.

At /usr/share/initramfs-tools/scripts/local-top/cryptsetup line 322, the
setup_mapping() function in the cryptroot script calls the activate_vg()
function, which runs 'lvm vgchange -a y'.  At line 340, without waiting
for udev to finish creating the device links for the newly activated
volume group, 'blkid' is invoked to get the filesystem type of the
logical volume.  This fails if udev hasn't yet finished creating the
device links, which causes the script to log "cryptsetup: unknown
fstype, bad password or options?" at line 345 and run 'cryptsetup
remove' at line 347.  Fortunately 'cryptsetup remove' fails because the
volume group was successfully activated (the crypt device is now busy),
which allows the next iteration through the loop to succeed.

The attached patch fixes this bug for me.

** Patch added: "call udev_settle() from activate_vg()"
   
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/cryptsetup/+bug/1481536/+attachment/4528826/+files/do-udev-settle-after-activate-vg.patch

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1481536

Title:
  "cryptsetup: unknown fstype, bad password or options?" error unlocking
  / decrypting LUKS volume at boot

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