1) It can be either the user's fault or accidental. A power outage
during installation of software can lead to improper configuration and
will bring down the entire apt system. The remedy for that situation can
usually be resoved via 'sudo apt-get -f install' or 'sudo dpkg
reconfigure'. Synaptic also has the ability to fix broken packages.

I believe that the other big case would be broken dependencies which is
most always a fault of the user installing a foreign application
forcefully.

So, we have (including but not limited to):

Accident-induced:
 a)Power Outage
 b)Program crash (apt crash)
 c)System freeze/shutdown (kernel panic, X freeze, computer overheating)

User induced:
 a)Forcing unacceptable packages via commandline
 b)Control-C-ing in the middle of commandline install

As far as an automated fix dealing with a badly coded package (which
seems very unlikely), apt has proven to me that it handles culprits
quite admirably.

2) Doing anything apt-related before fixing the problem is impossible
via GUI programs like gnome-app-install and software-center. It would
not make sense to me to allow people to browse software if apt is not in
working condition as it is absolutely useless unless fixed. On the flip
side, however, there doesn't seem to be any reason why people can't at
least browse: apt-cache search will still work if the database is broken
and synaptic will still search. The former will be more intrusive and
system-serious while the latter comes off as a casual error like Firefox
unable to load a webpage. It is something that absolutely *must* be
fixed first.

3) From personal experience, using either of those two commands work 99
percent of the time. In the case of broken dependencies, the offending
packages (but not libraries generally) will be removed (or upgraded to
the correct version if possible). Anything more serious that cannot be
fixed by the big two commands have been because of very manual attempts
at forcing things that should not be forced. If one of the two does not
work, the other will.

4) Again, personal experience, repair takes from within 10 seconds to
only a minute depending on the package size. It's very quick.

5) Since I would argue that most of the cases of something being broken
is an interruption in the process, I would say that it would mostly
involve installing/configuring the packages that it left off as. In the
case of broken dependencies, the offending packages would be removed.
Once again, personal experience, I cannot recall any instance where I
needed internet to download packages for fixing apt so it seems
unnecessary.

Hope this helps. I'd be happy to offer more input if necessary.

-- 
Can't fix broken packages from within USC
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/442262
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