Original poster: The only real solution is to find a USB serial adapter
that includes a serial number: I bought some from Dontronics in
Australia.

There is no real way to tell from the sales brochures, though. I was
just lucky. Spending more money is no guarantee, but it makes it more
likely that you will get one with a serial number.

Failing that, it MIGHT be possible to use sysfs path, which will start 
something like:
/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:1d.3/usb4/4-1/4-1:1.0

This then distinguishes otherwise identical devices by WHERE they are
plugged in. This can lead to interesting problems if you unplug (eg)
your telescope USB adaptor and plug your oscilloscope USB adaptor back
into that hole. So this is not really a solution.

I do not know how stable the sysfs path is between reboots. Does the
kernel always find USB interface controllers, hubs and ports in the same
order?

Another alternative is to use only one device from each of many
different manufacturers. The problem here is that they usually use the
same internals, so while they look different and come in different
packaging, they are all identical internally.

The kernel provides the mechanism to assign fixed /dev/ttyUSBx numbers,
provided that there is some way to distinguish between identical
devices.

There is no UI to configure the udev rules and give meaningful names to
particular ones. That might be nice, but is not relevant to udev.

-- 
Two USB serial adapters get different /dev/ttyUSBn names after reboot
https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/107208
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