Now I have tested a bit more back and forth, and here is a new attempt
to describe the nature of the issue:

Whether Right Alt works as the compose key or not depends mostly on
where in the list of input sources the keyboard layout in effect is
present.

If the layout in effect is the first one in the list, Right Alt works
fine as compose key. This is true whether Alternate Characters Key is
switched off or set to "None". (No problem with "English (Dvorak, alt.,
intl.)" either, in other words, if that layout is first in the list of
input sources.)

If the layout in effect is further down in the list, Right Alt may or
may not work as compose key. Not sure about the exact pattern here.

As regards Alternate Characters Key, I notice a marginal impact. If the
English (US) layout is not the first layout in the list, Right Alt works
as compose key with that layout if Alternate Characters Key is switched
off, but not if it's set to "None". It should be noted that English (US)
does not set Right Alt to the 3rd level key by default.

Steve, does the above description reflect your observations too?

Over to the question whether this is a g-c-c bug to some extent. I still
think that g-c-c sets sensible options, and that the unexpected behavior
is rather an XKB issue. The reason why Alternate Characters Key sets
"lv3:ralt_alt" is that it assumes that a user who picks something else
but Right Alt wants to be able to use Right Alt as any Alt key.

OTOH, given this issue wrt Right Alt as compose key, you can argue that
g-c-c should better not provide Right Alt as a compose key option...

** Summary changed:

- Can't use Right Alt as compose key with English (Dvorak, alt. intl.) layout
+ Right Alt not working reliably as compose key unless the layout in effect is 
first in the list of sources

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You received this bug notification because you are a member of Ubuntu
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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1969396

Title:
  Right Alt not working reliably as compose key unless the layout in
  effect is first in the list of sources

Status in gnome-control-center package in Ubuntu:
  New
Status in xkeyboard-config package in Ubuntu:
  Confirmed

Bug description:
  I noticed after upgrade from impish to jammy that my compose key is
  not working correctly.

  Going into gnome-control-center -> Keyboard, I see that 'Alternate
  Characters Key' and 'Compose Key' are both set to Right Alt.

  Setting Alternate Characters Key to None, and moving the Compose Key
  setting around between different options (and then back to Right Alt),
  the behavior of the Right Alt key is still AltGr and not Compose.
  From xev:

  KeyPress event, serial 37, synthetic NO, window 0x4000001,
      root 0x50e, subw 0x0, time 287242336, (310,502), root:(434,617),
      state 0x10, keycode 108 (keysym 0xfe03, ISO_Level3_Shift), same_screen 
YES,
      XKeysymToKeycode returns keycode: 92
      XLookupString gives 0 bytes: 
      XmbLookupString gives 0 bytes: 
      XFilterEvent returns: False

  KeyRelease event, serial 37, synthetic NO, window 0x4000001,
      root 0x50e, subw 0x0, time 287242456, (310,502), root:(434,617),
      state 0x90, keycode 108 (keysym 0xfe03, ISO_Level3_Shift), same_screen 
YES,
      XKeysymToKeycode returns keycode: 92
      XLookupString gives 0 bytes: 
      XFilterEvent returns: False

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 22.04
  Package: gnome-control-center 1:41.4-1ubuntu12
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 5.15.0-25.25-generic 5.15.30
  Uname: Linux 5.15.0-25-generic x86_64
  NonfreeKernelModules: nvidia_modeset nvidia zfs zunicode zavl icp zcommon 
znvpair
  ApportVersion: 2.20.11-0ubuntu82
  Architecture: amd64
  CasperMD5CheckResult: unknown
  CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME
  Date: Mon Apr 18 16:01:10 2022
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2019-12-23 (847 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 19.10 "Eoan Ermine" - Release amd64 (20191017)
  SourcePackage: gnome-control-center
  UpgradeStatus: Upgraded to jammy on 2022-04-15 (3 days ago)

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