hi again, not sure if the most sensible approach 
anyway in bionic I tried to revert the last two patches from the source of 
systemd_237-3ubuntu10.9.debian with the following commands:

export QUILT_PATCHES=debian/patches
export QUILT_REFRESH_ARGS="-p ab --no-timestamps --no-index"
quilt pop 
quilt pop 
sed 's/^CVE-2018-6954.*/#&/' debian/patches/series

Then I recompiled and installed the new package and the error disappear. 
Anyway the involved patches were there to fix some issues:

$ quilt header patches/CVE-2018-6954
Description: tmpfiles: don't resolve pathnames when traversing recursively
 through directory trees

 Otherwise we can be fooled if one path component is replaced underneath
us.

 The patch achieves that by always operating at file descriptor level (by using
 *at() helpers) and by making sure we do not any path resolution when traversing
 direcotry trees.

 However this is not always possible, for instance when listing the content of a
 directory or some operations don't provide the *at() helpers or others (such as
 fchmodat()) don't have the AT_EMPTY_PATH flag. In such cases we operate on
 /proc/self/fd/%i pseudo-symlink instead, which works the same for all kinds of
 objects and requires no checking of type beforehand.

 Also O_PATH flag is used when opening file objects in order to prevent
 undesired behaviors: device nodes from reacting, automounts from
 triggering, etc...

 Fixes: CVE-2018-6954

Origin: upstream, 
https://github.com/systemd/systemd/commit/936f6bdb803c432578e2cdcc5f93f3bfff93aff0
Bug: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/7986

$ quilt header patches/CVE-2018-6954_2
Description: Make tmpfiles safe

 In addition to backporting the changesets in #8822, this also backports
 e04fc13 (test: add tests for systemd-tmpfiles), as well as empty_to_root()
 from v239.

Origin: upstream, https://github.com/systemd/systemd/pull/8822/commits
Bug: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/7986

So I'm not sure if it's a secure/stable workaround
Maybe it would be better mixixing up the releases installing the patched 
package from cosmic-proposed... I will test on another snapshot to see what 
happens.. 
Just a curiosity: is bionic still supported?  

** Bug watch added: github.com/systemd/systemd/issues #7986
   https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/7986

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1804603

Title:
  systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service fails on btrfs

Status in systemd package in Ubuntu:
  Fix Released
Status in systemd source package in Bionic:
  Confirmed
Status in systemd source package in Cosmic:
  Fix Committed
Status in systemd source package in Disco:
  Fix Released

Bug description:
  [Impact]

   * Last security update introduced a regression on btrfs based systems, 
causing systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service to fail to start, resulting in degraded 
machines.
   * Cherrypick upstream fixes to resolve this.

  [Test Case]

   * Install VM using btrfs for /
   * Boot, check that systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service is started successfully 
with:
  $ systemctl status systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service

  [Regression Potential]

   * btrfs fd doesn't support the set of flags that systemd used, with
  this patch, a compat set of flags is set instead, thus resolving the
  introduced regression. The worst case scenario is that creating
  subvolumes/directories is still broken (as in, the current status
  quo).

  [Other Info]
   
   * Example bad output

  
  After update to systemd 237-3ubuntu10.9 systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service fails 
with:

  Nov 21 13:44:12 node-blc49 systemd[1]: Starting Create Volatile Files and 
Directories...
  Nov 21 13:44:12 node-blc49 systemd-tmpfiles[1226]: Failed to create directory 
or subvolume "/var": Bad file descriptor
  Nov 21 13:44:12 node-blc49 systemd-tmpfiles[1226]: Failed to create directory 
or subvolume "/home": Bad file descriptor
  Nov 21 13:44:12 node-blc49 systemd-tmpfiles[1226]: Failed to create directory 
or subvolume "/srv": Bad file descriptor
  Nov 21 13:44:12 node-blc49 systemd[1]: systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service: Main 
process exited, code=exited, status=1/FAILURE
  Nov 21 13:44:12 node-blc49 systemd[1]: systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service: Failed 
with result 'exit-code'.
  Nov 21 13:44:12 node-blc49 systemd[1]: Failed to start Create Volatile Files 
and Directories.

  This happens on btrfs root filesystems in real hardware and on our
  virtualized servers as well. 237-3ubuntu10.6 didnt show this errors
  and going back to 237-3ubuntu10 removes them as well.

  # lsb_release -rd
  Description:    Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS
  Release:        18.04

  # apt-cache policy systemd
  systemd:
    Installiert:           237-3ubuntu10.9
    Installationskandidat: 237-3ubuntu10.9
    Versionstabelle:
   *** 237-3ubuntu10.9 500
          500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 
Packages
          500 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/main amd64 
Packages
          100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
       237-3ubuntu10 500
          500 http://de.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 Packages

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