During 1200 AD, there was no single unified nation of India. The Indian subcontinent was a fragmented landscape of many kingdoms, empires, and smaller regional states. The total number of polities is difficult to pinpoint precisely, but sources indicate there were over 40 distinct states across the subcontinent at the beginning of the early medieval period.
At this time, centralized empires had weakened, leading to a decentralized, feudal-like system where local rulers wielded considerable power. The political situation varied greatly between the north and south. Northern and central India Rajput States: The once-dominant Gurjara-Pratihara empire had disintegrated, leading to the rise of many competing Rajput kingdoms. These included: The Chahamanas (Chauhans) of Delhi and Ajmer. The Gahadavalas (Rathors) of Kannauj. The Paramaras of Malwa. The Chandellas of Bundelkhand. Delhi Sultanate: At the very end of the 12th century, the political landscape was irrevocably changed by the invasions of Muhammad Ghori. Following his death in 1206, his general Qutb ud-Din Aibak founded the Mamluk dynasty, marking the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate. Other Kingdoms: Other states in the region included the Sena dynasty in Bengal, which had taken power from the Palas, before falling to the Delhi Sultanate in 1204. Deccan and southern India Chalukyas and their successors: The Chalukya dynasty, which had multiple branches, had weakened by the late 12th century. The Yadava dynasty of Devagiri and the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal emerged from its decline in the Deccan. The Chola Empire: In southern India, the powerful Chola Empire was in decline by the early 13th century. It would be entirely eclipsed by the Pandyan dynasty by the end of the century. Pandyan Dynasty: The Pandyas, based in Madurai, experienced a resurgence in the late 12th and 13th centuries, ultimately leading to the downfall of the Cholas. Other Southern Kingdoms: Other notable powers in the south included the Hoysala dynasty. Xxxxxxxx There is no single number for nations ruled by Muslims because it varies throughout history and depends on the definition used. However, in 2020, there were 53 countries where Islam was the majority religion. In terms of current governance, some countries have declared Islam as the official state religion, such as Afghanistan, Iran, and Saudi Arabia, while others with Muslim majorities have a secular government or no official religion. Muslim-majority countries As of 2020, there were 53 countries where Islam was the majority religion. These countries are geographically concentrated in regions like Central Asia, North Africa, West Africa, the Sahel, and the Middle East. The Asia-Pacific region has the highest number of Muslims, with Indonesia and Pakistan having the largest domestic populations. Nations where Islam is the state religion A portion of the Muslim-majority countries have declared Islam as the state religion in their constitutions. As of 2020, 23 countries with Muslim majorities made Islam the official state religion, which includes nations like Algeria, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia. The remaining countries have secular governments or no official religion. Historical context Throughout history, various caliphates and empires, such as the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Ottoman Empires, ruled over vast territories and diverse populations. The geographical extent of these empires varied over time, and authority was often fragmented or shared with other ruling groups. Xxxxxxxxxxxx The number of nations ruled by the British Empire is difficult to pinpoint exactly due to changing borders, but sources estimate the number is around 56 to 65 countries today that were once part of the empire. This is because the empire's territories changed over time, and many of its colonies have since formed new sovereign nations, such as India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh from the British Raj. Varying numbers: The exact count depends on how one defines "ruled" and the specific time period being considered. Modern nations: By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the British Empire controlled territory that corresponds to 56 to 65 of today's sovereign countries. Examples: Today's countries that were formerly part of the British Empire include Canada, Australia, India, and many African nations like Nigeria and Kenya. Estimates place the total world population around 1200 AD between 360 million and 450 million people. Indian population The Indian subcontinent was one of the most populous regions in the world. Several estimates point to an Indian population of approximately 87.5 million people in 1200 AD. As of that time, India was still remarkably religiously homogenous, with the overwhelming majority adhering to religions of Indian origin. By 1200 AD, the global Muslim population was a minority, representing roughly 13% [60 million) of the world's population. The religion was widespread in a contiguous band of territories across North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Asia. Christians represented a minority of the world's population around 1200 AD, with estimates placing the number at around 45 million, or about 10% of the world's total. Xxxxxxxx 1 Yes 80 million Indians divided into 56 nations within India. 2 In spite of 65 millions Muslims, still they could not conquer the whole of India in 4oo years between 1200 to 1600 AD, because the warfare was equal with transportations and the tools. As Muslims were in large numbers than the nation population which they ruled like Delhi Marwar etc MASS SURGE SILENCED THE MINORITY NATIONS ONE BY ONE BUT AS NATIONS AS PREVAILING TODAY, NO OTHER NATIONS JOIN TOGETHER TO OPPOSE RUSSIA AGAINST UKRAINE; SO TOO THEN CHOLA STAYED AWAY FROM DELHI INVASIONS. Hence it is not lack of unity and it is lack of one nation which was never thought of; and even if it were there, the control was tough by the troops then to hold over. 3 1700 1900 200 years was different. Many nations and Jagirs existed; but no one had GUNS. English had a new warfare. So, Indians had to be defeated. 4 Mugals and British not only ruled India but so many other nations around plus 50 where no one criticized the other nations in comparison to India. If non-unity were a cause for India, then what was for the other 50 nations who got their freedom later than India? INDIA WAS UNITED STATES OF INDIA (USI) 5 India was ruled by Cong for 70 years and no Indian revolted why? 6 Zar revolution, French revolution, ARMENIAN REVOLT ETC IN THE WORLD AROSE only when people were reduced to shreds which so far did not happen in India; INDIANS ARE NOT PUSHED TO THE WALL; THERE WERE ESCAPE ROUTES; SO, INDIANS CANNOT UNITE AS OPPRESSED LIKE RUSSIANS OR FRENCH OR ARMENIANS. 7 Why,- will you all alone go and shout against the govt? NO. only time sets the machine when all think alike; and THAT HAPPENS ONLY WHEN WE AARE PUSHED TO THE WALL; AND POLITICIANS KNEW IT BETTER FOR THEIR SURVIVAL, READ FROM THE HISTORY. K Rajaram IRS 281025 On Tue, 28 Oct 2025 at 08:00, Surendra Varma <[email protected]> wrote: > Sir, > As I have said in my posts before, we need to change Indians first. > Everything else will fall in place thereafter. > > What is hidden in the story above? Danda. This is the language Indians > understand and it was used by the so-called illiterate Moguls and a handful > of the British. > > You go to any country you will be surprised to see the same Indian who was > spitting and peeing on the roadside, jumping the queues, violating traffic > rules, littering the roads, etc. in India, becomes a law-abiding citizen. > What transforms him? > > *Danda*. > > If danda is used within the framework of the unlimited democracy in India, > by using the army to do the job, anybody spitting on the road and littering > should be beaten right then and there; if Owaissi is abusing our government > and insulting the country in his hate speeches, he should be immediately > arrested on the spot, and his clapping audience should be fired at. They > will be seen pissing in their trousers and running for life. If this is > done only once, this nonsense impeding the progress of our country will > never repeat. No police or courts, the two evils that parasitize India. If > America, the second largest democracy after India, can deport those who > raised pro-Palestine slogans, what is preventing us from sanitizing our > country by either deporting or arresting all Muslims and anti-Hindu, power > hungry politicians, including the world famous buffoon (RG), and putting > them in detention centers and jails just like America. > > If my formula to "Make India Great Again" in line with Trump's "Make > America Great Again" is used only for six months to a year, in my vision > India will emerge as a global power on the international political > landscape. > > Suren > Note: This post reflects my personal thoughts and is insulated against any > surgeries by the newly arrived, self-proclaimed Maharishis in this group. A > membership of this group is not a licence to insult or browbeat other > members. > > > > > On Mon, 27 Oct 2025 at 20:29, filesK kochhar <[email protected]> > wrote: > >> Our system and courses of education are bad till date, >> We don’t teach real history instead we are, even today, teaching Akbar >> calling him the GREAT, >> Really shame on our education system. >> Unless we change our education Syllabus, we can never educate the coming >> generations to become true nationalists. >> >> >> ॐS K KOCHHARॐ >> >> On 28 Oct 2025, at 5:47 AM, Surendra Varma <[email protected]> >> wrote: >> >> >> >> An Indian who had been living in Japan for more than a year noticed >> something strange: his Japanese friends were polite and helpful, yet none >> of them ever invited him to their home, not even for a cup of tea. >> >> Confused and hurt, he finally asked one Japanese friend why this was so. >> >> After a long silence, the friend replied, "We are taught Indian history… >> not for inspiration, but as a warning." >> >> The Indian, astonished, asked, "A warning? Indian history is taught as a >> warning? Please explain why." >> >> The Japanese friend asked, "How many English ruled India?" >> >> The Indian replied, "Maybe… about 10,000?" >> >> The Japanese person nodded seriously and asked, "At that time, weren’t >> there over 300 million Indians?" >> >> "So who committed the atrocities on your people? Who followed the orders >> to whip, torture, and shoot them?" >> >> He asked emphatically, "When General Dyer ordered the firing at >> Jallianwala Bagh, who pulled the trigger? Was it the English soldiers? No, >> it was Indians." >> >> "Why didn’t anyone point their rifle at General Dyer, not a single >> person?" He continued, "The slavery you talk about—this was your real >> slavery. Not of the body, but of the soul."* >> >> The Indian stood motionless, silent, and ashamed. >> >> The Japanese friend continued, "How many Mughals came from Central Asia? >> Maybe a few thousand? And yet they ruled you for centuries." >> >> "The Mughals did not rule India through their numbers; it was your own >> people who bowed to them, obeyed them, betrayed their own, and showed >> loyalty to the Mughals. Either to survive or for silver coins." >> >> "Your own people converted religions. They gave their sisters and >> daughters to the Mughals in marriage." >> >> "Your own people betrayed your heroes to the English. Who betrayed >> Chandrashekhar Azad? Who informed the English about his hiding place in >> Alfred Park?" >> >> "Bhagat Singh was easily executed without the permission of those people >> (Gandhi-Nehrus) who called themselves patriots." >> >> "You Indians do not need foreign enemies. Your own people repeatedly >> betray you for power, position, and personal gain. That is why we keep >> distance from Indians." >> >> "When the English came to Hong Kong and Singapore, not a single local >> joined their army. But in India, you did not just join the enemy’s army—you >> served them. You worshipped them. You killed your own people to please >> them." >> >> "Even today, you have not changed. You have learned no lessons from >> history. Even for a little free electricity, a bottle of alcohol, or a >> blanket—you sell your vote, your conscience, and your voice without >> thinking." >> >> "You chant slogans, protest, but when the country needs your sacrifice, >> where are you? Your first loyalty is still to your home, family, wife, >> children, and wealth. The rest—country and religion—can go to hell." >> >> After saying this, the Japanese left, and the Indian stood there, head >> bowed, frozen in shame. >> >> Skource: Quora >> >> -- >> You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups >> "societyforservingseniors" group. >> To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an >> email to [email protected]. >> To view this discussion, visit >> https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/society4servingseniors/CACgBxSrjTuyUvtHzdeVfc1GLiv7hw5bpaYNy%3D9PDrOZjjhUozg%40mail.gmail.com >> <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/society4servingseniors/CACgBxSrjTuyUvtHzdeVfc1GLiv7hw5bpaYNy%3D9PDrOZjjhUozg%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> >> . >> >> -- > You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups > "societyforservingseniors" group. > To unsubscribe from this group and stop receiving emails from it, send an > email to [email protected]. > To view this discussion, visit > https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/society4servingseniors/CACgBxSo1yKo1%3D04uho7-ubScaH7475oRVFB9yQa89gvJjfwx5A%40mail.gmail.com > <https://groups.google.com/d/msgid/society4servingseniors/CACgBxSo1yKo1%3D04uho7-ubScaH7475oRVFB9yQa89gvJjfwx5A%40mail.gmail.com?utm_medium=email&utm_source=footer> > . > -- You received this message because you are subscribed to the Google Groups "Thatha_Patty" group. 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