The origin of the Malayalam month of Chingam, and the Malayalam New Year
(Kollavarsham) celebrated on Chingam 1, is linked to the establishment of
Kollam in 825 CE. It marks the beginning of the year according to the
Kollam Era (Kollavarsham), a sidereal solar calendar used in Kerala. Prior
to this, the New Year was marked by Vishu, which falls on the first day of
the Malayalam month of Medam. The Malayalam calendar, also known as the
Kollam Era, is a calendar used in Kerala that was initiated in 825 CE. It
is named after the historical city of Kollam, where it was established. The
first day of Chingam month, which typically falls in late August or early
September, marks the beginning of the Kollavarsham year. Chingam 1 is a
major festival in Kerala, celebrated with various cultural events and
festivities, including the Onam festival. Onam is believed to be the day
when King Mahabali visits his kingdom, further adding to the significance
of Chingam 1. While Chingam 1 marks the Kollavarsham New Year, Vishu,
celebrated in April, also holds significance as a New Year festival in
Kerala. Vishu is linked to the solar year and the vernal equinox, when the
sun transitions from the southern to the northern hemisphere.
So many interpretations, stories, and assumptions surround the origin of
the Malayalam calendar. Not many have historical backing, as it is passed
down through generations with coloured narratives punctuated with
imaginations mixed with partial facts. Still, the Malayalam calendar
marking the new year as ‘Kolla Varsham’ is a historical phenomenon that is
1200 years old, irrefutably. Scholars and historian’s nod in approval as
the calendar also carries the name of Kollam, a southern district of
Kerala. Before the advent of Kolla Varsham in Kerala, there were Saptarishi
Varsham, Vikrama Varsham, Kalachoori Varsham, and Guptha Varsham to measure
the passage of time in Kerala. However, all those systems lacked something
or other to measure time scientific and in a unified manner. It is said
that the system ‘Kolla Varsham’ ended the confusion regarding the marking
of time, proof of which can still be seen in the Rameshwaram Temple in
Kollam, where there is a stone plaque in the temple with an inscription of
the word ‘Kollam Thony’, which means “Kollam has born”. Another argument in
favour of Kolla Varsham is that the calendar began during the time of
Rajasekhara Kulasekhara, a dominant king of the Chera Dynasty. According to
this view, Kolla Varsham began on July 25, AD 825. Historian P. Sankunni
Menon had a different opinion regarding the date, stating it was not on
July 25 but on August 15. Another historian, K.V. Krishna Iyer, suggested
that Kolla Varsham began in AD 1101 following the battle between the kings
of Kerala and Cholas. In that battle, Raman Thiruvady, the patriarch of
Venad, was defeated by Kulothungan Naralokaveeran, the Chola king. As he
was hailed for his victory, Kulothungan was called ‘Kollam Azhinthukandan’
(man who destroyed Kollam). Thus, started the year Kolla Varsham, said
Krishna Iyer. Later, Raman Thiruvady fought back and pushed the Cholas out
of Kollam. With this victory, a new language and culture flourished in
Kerala. Some historians view that Kolla Varsham might have started during
this period. Meanwhile, A. Sreedhara Menon, another great historian of
Kerala, says that Kolla Varsham was introduced with the arrival of
Namboothiris in Kollam. A Saptarishi Varsham is the recurrence of 100
years. When the Namboothiris arrived in Kollam, the annual calendar of
Malayalam began with the start of the 10th recurrence of Saptarishi
Varsham.
First proof of Kolla Varsham is found in the Mambally title deed made
in bronze in Kolla Varsham 149. The title deed begins with ‘Kollam Thony
149 Thulam’. Apart from this, the reference to ‘Kollam Thony’ can be seen
in many other orders issued by the kings of Venad. Whatever be the
historical interpretations, ‘Kolla Varsham’ has gained popularity over the
years and has become a part of Kerala's cultural life for around 12
centuries. According to Sreedhara Menon, Hermann Gundert says that ‘Kolla
Varsham’ began when a temple was built in Kollam district. Since there are
no foolproof documentary evidences regarding the origin of Kolla Varsham,
some historians also point to the possibilities of the stone plaque found
in the Rameshwaram temple. Even as the importance of Kolla Varsham has
waned over time, with new generation kids having no idea about even the
existence of such a calendar, ‘Kolla Varsham’ still moves along with us as
the mark of a great heritage and culture. The calendar acts as the guiding
light to the unique cultural characteristics of Kerala and Malayalis.
ALREADY WROTE KERALA HISTORY IN MANY PARTS AND FROM THERE AGAIN REWRITTEN
NOW K RAJARAM IRS 12425
On Sat, 12 Apr 2025 at 12:44, APS Mani <[email protected]> wrote:
> Month of Avani (fifth month) in Malayalam, Chingam is the New Year and new
> calendar for most parts of Kerala. Just for information. More information
> is available in Google search.
>
> Thanks, Mani
>
> On Sat, Apr 12, 2025 at 12:00 PM Rajaram Krishnamurthy <
> [email protected]> wrote:
>
>> Viśvāvasu (विश्वावसु) is the thirty-ninth of sixty years (saṃvatsara) in
>> the Vedic lunar calendar according to the Arcana-dīpikā by Vāmana Mahārāja
>> (cf. Appendix).—Accordingl, There are sixty different names for each year
>> in the Vedic lunar calendar, which begins on the new moon day (Amāvasyā)
>> after the appearance day of Śrī Caitanya Mahāprabhu (Gaura-pūrṇimā), in
>> February or March. The Vedic year [viz., Viśvāvasu], therefore, does not
>> correspond exactly with the Christian solar calendar year.
>>
>> Viśvāvasu (विश्वावसु) refers to the thirty-ninth of the sixty-year cycle
>> of Jupiter, according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 8), an encyclopedic
>> Sanskrit work written by Varāhamihira mainly focusing on the science of
>> ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “The first year
>> of the next yuga sacred to Viśvedeva is Śobhakṛt; the next year is known as
>> Subhakṛt; the third is Krodhī; and the remaining years are known as
>> Viśvāvasu and Parābhava. During the first two years mankind will be happy;
>> during the third they will feel exceedingly miserable and during the last
>> two years they will be neither happy nor miserable; but in the year
>> Parābhava there will be fear from fire and suffering from weapons and from
>> disease; the Brāhmins and cows will also suffer”.
>>
>> In 2025, the Hindu year, or Samvatsara, is named "Sri Vishwavasu," the
>> 39th year in the 60-year cyclical calendar, signifying a year of
>> beneficence, peace, and spiritual growth, with emphasis on solar qualities
>> like clarity and vision-led leadership.
>>
>> Here's a more detailed breakdown of the significance of Vishwavasu
>> Samvatsara:
>>
>> 39th year in the 60-year cycle:
>>
>> The Vishwavasu Samvatsara marks the 39th year in the 60-year cyclical
>> calendar used in the Hindu tradition.
>>
>> Beneficence and Well-being:
>>
>> The year is expected to be characterized by kindness, compassion, and
>> overall well-being for all.
>>
>> Peace and Good Fortune:
>>
>> It's believed to be a period promoting harmony, prosperity, and
>> potentially offering relief from conflicts and struggles.
>>
>> Spiritual and Moral Growth:
>>
>> The Vishwavasu Samvatsara is seen as encouraging righteousness, patience,
>> and virtuous living.
>>
>> Solar Qualities:
>>
>> This year emphasizes solar qualities such as clarity, bravery,
>> responsibility, and vision-led leadership, encouraging self-reliance and
>> purpose-driven actions.
>>
>> National Identity:
>>
>> The influence of the Sun is also seen to promote a focus on national
>> identity.
>>
>> Vishwavasu's Meaning:
>>
>> "Vishwavasu" translates to "beneficent to all" or "the one from whom all
>> wealth of the universe originates," symbolizing Lord Shiva as the ultimate
>> source.
>>
>> Vedic Astrology:
>>
>> In Vedic astrology, Vishvavasu is associated with a native who is blessed
>> with a virtuous wife and son, is generous, has excellent conduct, and is
>> endowed with all virtues.
>>
>> The Hindu New Year, a time of renewal and fresh beginnings,
>> commences on Chaitra Shukla Pratipada. As we step into the Vishwavasu
>> Samvat, the year named after the king of the Gandharvas, celestial
>> musicians, we are presented with a complex tapestry of astrological
>> predictions. These ancient insights, gleaned from texts like the Narada
>> Samhita and the Rudryamala's Samvatsara Samhita, offer a glimpse into the
>> potential characteristics of the year ahead, blending promises of
>> advancement with stark warnings of challenges. Examining these predictions
>> in detail allows us to better understand the potential trends and prepare
>> ourselves for the coming year.
>>
>> The Narada Samhita's verse,
>>
>> शश्वद् विश्वासावब्दे मध्यसस्यार्धवृष्टय: ।
>>
>> प्रचुराश्चौररोगाश्च नृपा लोभाभिभूतय: ॥
>>
>> - नारद संहिता
>>
>> "Shashvad Vishwasavabde Madhyasasyardhavrishtayah," speaks of fluctuating
>> harvests and inconsistent rainfall. This isn't merely a meteorological
>> observation; it carries profound implications for agriculture, food
>> security, and the overall economy. Unpredictable weather patterns can lead
>> to crop failures, impacting farmers' livelihoods and potentially causing
>> food shortages. This, in turn, can trigger price increases, making
>> essential food items less accessible to vulnerable populations. The ripple
>> effect could extend to related industries, impacting transportation, trade,
>> and even social stability.
>>
>> The Rudryamala's,
>>
>> समा वर्षन्नदुर्भिक्षम् कार्पासस्य महर्धता ।
>>
>> विश्वावसौ महादेवि विग्रह: प्राणिनाशनम् ॥
>>
>> - रुद्र्यामल , संवत्सर संहिता
>>
>> "Sama Varshannadurbhiksham
>>
>> Karpasasya Mahardhata"
>>
>> Reinforces this concern, suggesting a potential for famine-like
>> conditions and a significant rise in the price of cotton. The scarcity of
>> essential resources, like food and clothing materials, could have
>> far-reaching consequences, exacerbating existing inequalities and
>> potentially leading to social unrest. It highlights the need for proactive
>> measures to ensure food security, including sustainable agricultural
>> practices, efficient distribution systems, and perhaps even internatioal
>> cooperation.
>>
>> "Prachuraas Chaurarogashcha Nrupa Lobhabhibhutayah," as stated in the
>> Narada Samhita, warns of an increase in theft, disease, and rulers driven
>> by greed. This suggests a potential erosion of social order and ethical
>> governance. Theft and crime often rise during times of economic hardship,
>> as people struggle to meet their basic needs. The prediction of increased
>> disease outbreaks could be linked to environmental factors, weakened immune
>> systems due to malnutrition, or even the emergence of new pathogens. The
>> warning about greedy rulers points towards the potential for corruption and
>> abuse of power, which can further destabilize society.
>>
>> The Rudryamala's "Vishvavasau Mahadevi Vigrahah Praninasanam" speaks of
>> conflicts and wars leading to loss of life. This is perhaps the most
>> concerning prediction, as it highlights the potential for widespread
>> violence and instability. Geopolitical tensions, resource scarcity, and
>> ideological differences can all contribute to conflict. The prediction
>> serves as a stark reminder of the importance of diplomacy, conflict
>> resolution, and the pursuit of peace.
>>
>> Translating these ancient predictions into modern-day contexts, we can
>> anticipate a number of potential trends. The warnings about extreme climate
>> change, including desert floods and wildfires, align with the growing body
>> of scientific evidence about global warming. We can expect more frequent
>> and intense weather events, impacting not only agriculture but also
>> infrastructure, transportation, and human settlements. Coastal areas may
>> face increased risks of flooding, while arid regions could experience
>> devastating droughts and wildfires.
>>
>> The prediction of "cash will be trash" could indicate a significant shift
>> in the global financial landscape. This could manifest in the rise of
>> digital currencies, increased inflation eroding the value of traditional
>> currencies, or even a complete overhaul of the existing financial system.
>> The "clothing industry boom" could be driven by changing consumer
>> preferences, a renewed focus on sustainable fashion, or perhaps even a
>> necessity due to changing environmental conditions requiring specialized
>> clothing.
>>
>> Water scarcity, a recurring theme in the predictions, is already a
>> pressing global issue. The Vishwavasu Samvat may exacerbate this problem,
>> leading to water shortages, conflicts over water resources, and the need
>> for innovative solutions in water management and conservation. The
>> predicted health emergencies, reminiscent of a Covid-like situation, and
>> the simultaneous boom in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors, suggest
>> that health will remain a top priority. We can anticipate continued
>> investment in healthcare infrastructure, research, and development, as well
>> as a growing emphasis on preventative medicine and public health
>> initiatives.
>>
>> The rise in cyber fraud, also mentioned in the ancient texts, reflects
>> the increasing reliance on technology in our lives. As we become more
>> interconnected, we also become more vulnerable to cyberattacks. This
>> prediction underscores the need for robust cybersecurity measures,
>> increased awareness of online threats, and international cooperation to
>> combat cybercrime.
>>
>> While the predictions paint a picture of potential challenges, they also
>> offer opportunities for growth and resilience. The focus on the medical
>> field could lead to breakthroughs in disease treatment and prevention. The
>> challenges posed by climate change could spur innovation in renewable
>> energy, sustainable technologies, and climate adaptation strategies. The
>> Vishwavasu Samvat, therefore, can be seen as a call to action, urging us to
>> be prepared, adaptable, and proactive in addressing the challenges that lie
>> ahead. By understanding the potential trends and working together, we can
>> mitigate the negative impacts and create a more sustainable and equitable
>> future. The wisdom of the ancients provides a valuable framework, but it
>> is ultimately our collective efforts that will shape the destiny of the
>> Vishwavasu Samvat.
>>
>> K Rajaram IRS 12425
>>
>> On Sat, 12 Apr 2025 at 04:39, Jambunathan Iyer <[email protected]>
>> wrote:
>>
>>> Vishu, celebrated across Kerala and Keralites living all over the world
>>> with great joy and devotion, marks the beginning of a new Malayalam Year.
>>> In 2025, Vishu Kani falls on Monday, April 14, aligning with Mesha
>>> Sankranti, the day when the Sun enters the zodiac sign of Aries.
>>>
>>> One of the most cherished traditions of Vishu is the Vishu Kani. The
>>> word "Kani" means "that which is seen first." On Vishu (Malyalam New Year
>>> day) morning, people wake up early to view the auspicious arrangement of
>>> items such as rice, fruits, golden flowers (kanikonna), holy texts,
>>> mirrors, coins, and lamps, all placed before a deity—usually Lord Krishna.
>>> These items are considered to be a good omen for they attract good fortune
>>> and prosperity. Seeing this setup first thing in the morning is believed to
>>> bring good luck and prosperity for the year ahead.
>>>
>>> “Nilavilakku”, a traditional bell-shaped metal lamp, is also lighted and
>>> placed together with Vishu Kani before the deity.
>>>
>>> It is believed that each member of the family is recommended to wake up
>>> early, bathe and enter the house temple to get the first view of Vishu Kani
>>> to start the New Year on an auspicious note.
>>>
>>> Therefore, Vishu Kani is arranged with great care and precision to
>>> create a positive aura in the house.
>>>
>>> Another meaningful ritual observed on this day is Vishukkaineetam. As
>>> part of this custom, elders gift money or tokens to children, younger
>>> family members, household staff, and others. This act symbolises blessings
>>> for wealth, happiness, and well-being. For many, it’s one of the most
>>> anticipated parts of the celebration, especially for the younger generation.
>>>
>>> Vishu is also a day of celebration through food. The festive meal, known
>>> as Sadya, features a harmonious blend of tastes—sweet, salty, sour, and
>>> bitter—reflecting the different experiences of life. Notable dishes include
>>> Veppampoorasam, a bitter preparation made with neem, and Mampazhapachadi, a
>>> tangy mango-based dish. The idea is to begin the year by embracing all
>>> flavours of life, both literal and metaphorical.
>>>
>>> The vibrant Kanikonna or the Golden Shower filled in yellow hues marks
>>> the arrival of the harvest season and Vishu in Kerala. Considered a symbol
>>> of prosperity and luck, the Kanikonna is an integral part of the Vishu Kani.
>>>
>>> As per the legends, a child once got trapped inside a Sree Krishna
>>> Temple, after a priest unknowingly locked the doors and left. Terrified,
>>> the child started to cry in distress. On hearing the loud cries, Lord
>>> Krishna appeared before him and handed his golden waist chain to comfort
>>> the kid. Finding the chain missing the next day, people began to search for
>>> it everywhere. Eventually, they found the kid playing with the chain.
>>> Frightened by seeing all the people approaching, the kid suddenly threw the
>>> chain away. It got stuck in a nearby tree and suddenly the tree bloomed
>>> with bright yellow flowers. These vibrant blossoms later came to be known
>>> as Vishu Kani Konna, the sacred symbol of the festival.
>>>
>>> Vishu is not just a festival, it is a hope for prosperity and new
>>> beginnings. From the joyous laughter of children receiving Kaineettam to
>>> the grand Sadhya laid out on banana leaves, every tradition of Vishu weaves
>>> a story of abundance and togetherness. Vishu is a time when devotion fills
>>> every house, gratitude for the past year fills every heart, and hopes of a
>>> more prosperous year come alive. With years passing, the cherished customs
>>> and traditions of the festival remain unchanged, continuing to unite
>>> generations in faith and celebration. Wishing everyone a happy and
>>> prosperous year filled with joy, fortunes, and good health. Happy Vishu!!!
>>>
>>> In 2025, Vishu will be observed on April 14, and it promises to be a day
>>> filled with faith, festivity, and family. Whether it’s the serene sight of
>>> Vishu Kani, the joyful distribution of Vishukkaineetam, or the delicious
>>> Sadya, Vishu is a time to welcome the future with open hearts and
>>> optimistic eyes.
>>>
>>> N Jambunathan Rengarajapuram-Kodambakkam-Chennai-Mob:9176159004
>>>
>>> *" What you get by achieving your goals is not as important as what you
>>> become by achieving your goals. If you want to live a happy life, tie it to
>>> a goal, not to people or things "*
>>>
>>>
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