The problems with the planets repeating the EXACT same position follow.
The distance of the planets from the sun changes over time, due to the
gravity of other planets and asteroids, some drag from gas and dust in
various parts of the solar system, and even the pressure of sunlight over a
long period.
Except for a few special cases (like Neptune and Pluto being locked in a
3:2 orbital resonance), the periods of the planet’s orbits aren’t a neat
ratio. So, it depends on how accurate the numbers you use are.
If you work out how often (say) Earth and Mars are in the same relative
positions, and you use the Earth year as 365 days, you get one number. If
you use 365.25, you get a slightly different number. If you remember that
there’s the Gregorian calendar and use the value 365.2422, you get a
different number. And all those decimal points matter.
Because once you start adding more planets (say, Venus), you find that
fairly often, the three will be *close* to the same positions, but an
astronomer would say “No, not the same”. And by the time you get *all* the
planets involved, every few million years you get one “close but Mercury is
a bit off”, and the next time, Jupiter is just a bit out of whack, and the
time after that, Neptune isn’t being helpful… Lather, rinse, repeat, until
a few billion years from now the question becomes moot when the Sun goes
red giant and Mercury and Venus cease to exist.
And there’s also the issue that the orbits are all ellipses rather than
circles, which complicates things.
Now, why would an astronomer say they weren’t the same positions?
In the mid 1800s, astronomers were already *really* good at measuring
orbits. How good were they? Good enough that they could measure the
precession of the orbits of planets. Planets move in *almost* ellipses, but
those ellipses undergo something called precession.
And they added up all the expected gravitational effects from other planets
on Mercury, and they looked at the actual measured results, and they didn’t
match. They were off by 43 arc seconds.
How much is that? Well… find a pencil or pen, and hold it up at arm’s
length. That’s (roughly) a half-degree wide. A degree contains 60 arc
minutes - so that pencil is about 30 arc minutes wide. So, imagine 1/30th
of that pencil width. That’s one arc minute. Split those 60 ways for arc
seconds. We’ll round that 43 off to 45… and now you’re looking at just 3/4
of 1/30th of the width of that pencil - that’s how much it was off from
predictions.
Oh… did I mention that it is *per century* (some 480 Mercury orbits)?
Yeah, astronomers know where planets are to *that* level of precision.
So no, the planets are *never* going to all be at the same relative
positions to that level of accuracy.
(And you don’t have to worry - we finally did figure out where that 43 arc
seconds per century comes from - Einstein’s theory of general relativity
explained it, and we’ve in more recent decades managed to measure the much
smaller effects on the orbits of Venus, Earth, and the dwarf planet Ceres)
The planets orbit in ellipses and not circles. The shape of these ellipses
changes due to the gravity of other planets and asteroids.
The orientation of the orbital ellipses changes due to, once again, the
gravity of other planets and asteroids If that were not complicated enough,
our old buddy ‘general relativity’ also makes the ellipses rotate. Looking
at just this, Einstein alone proves that a repeat of position will not
happen for longer than I wish to calculate.
Throw in the random comet and asteroid impact to drive the nail home.
Even of the orbits remained unchanged, the varying length of years is not
integral. That is, they are measured in fractions of a second. You would
need a tolerance in your question that the word exact forbids.
Our solar system will be long gone before a repeat happens.
[ So as to not disappoint you, I’d like to mention a few synchronous orbits
worth note. Mars and Earth have orbits that are 17 Mars orbits to 32 Earth
orbits. This is true within a few days. That ratio does not seem too
powerful (like 1 to 2, or 3 to 5), so it MIGHT be a coincidence. On the
other hand, Earth has a pseudo-moon (sometimes called Earth’s other moon)
named Cruithne. It orbits the sun at the same average distance as the
Earth, but in a more elongated orbit. We are in no danger of being hit by
it, because it is 1 to1 with Earth. While it is actually orbiting the sun,
it appears to orbit the Earth in a horseshoe orbit. Earth’s gravity holds
it in that orbit and keeps it from hitting us.]
A realignment of exact positions likely never occurs just by the
annoying nature of the word *“exact”.* However, if we consider a different
definition of exact which corresponds to the angular arc a planet makes
over the course of a day, then we can define “exact” to mean something more
forgiving, for example, within that one day of sweep.
With that in mind, the inner seven planets would have this number of day
positions with regard to the outermost planet, Neptune:
Mercury 88
Venus 226
Earth 367
Mars 695
Jupiter 4727
Saturn 12851
Uranus 62498
But if you ask mercury and venus; venus & earth; mars and Jupiter; etc, or
mercury, venus, jupiter; earth saturn and jupiter etc and / or more than
that as many in such conjunctions; WELL, NEVER IT WOULD BE BACK TO “EXACT’
BUT ANGULAR, DEGREE DIFFERENCE OR NEARABOUT-BUT NEVER EVER THE SAME AT ALL
WITHIN A CHATURYUGA SAY 43,20,000 YEARS. As a new orbit starts. {Roughly
multiplied by 360 days per year= 1,555,200,000 days.}
The relative positions of the planets would be similar (may be) however the
background stars relative to the arrangement of the eight planets would be
similar (may be). An upper limit of the number of days planets could move
before a repeated position was encountered would be (May be} again for THE
SAME POSITION IN MULTI DIRECTIONAL SPACE:
88∗226∗367∗695∗4727∗12851∗62498=1.92589X10^22 days
This is based on the number of days on an orbit for each of the planets.
This would be a very long time,
5.27X10^19 years (^ to the power of)
However, instead of simply relying on the sweep, we can also consider that
a planetary position within an angular slice as being “the same”. For
example, if 1º is the same, this means that for planets contributing more
than 360 buckets in the prior calculation, there isn’t an improvement for
granularity greater than 1º, resulting in:
88∗226∗360∗360∗360∗360∗360=1.20255 X 10^17 days, which is still a very long
time, 3.29 X 10^14 years.
I aim for synchronization with Mercury to estimate time rather
than count combinations. Within 88 days, Venus will shift to a new angular
segment if it's under 140º, Earth within 86º, and Mars within 45º. With
Mercury synchronized by day buckets, a time element can be maintained while
the other planets reposition in varied segments before Mercury cycles
through its bucket again.
We can consider a different perspective, how wide a planetary
sweep angle would we consider as being “exactly” the same, and what impact
would that have on the number of years? Using the bucketing size of degrees
of planetary sweep:
With a planetary sweep bucket of 28º, it takes 10 million years
to return to the “same” positions of the eight planets. With a 15º sweep,
one billion years needs to pass. 8º sweep buckets lead to 100 billion years
to repeat the position. Anything more granular than 12º is not likely to
occur twice in the lifetime of the solar system.
In other words, for example, 33 years before moon was in degree
17 32” now it may be 16 30” to 19” or even alter as the days
passby; ellipticle shape moves an atom distance; or reversal and
attractions varied due to external factors; and in line 3,5,7 planets etc
even if it would happen after same number of years intervals (say) still a
thou degree variation may arise; Rama was born with certain planetary
posion may once again occur only in the next chatur yuga only, or who
knows? Hence our ancestors, ancient Rishis, expressed a calendar of the
stellar activities as dates. As permutation and combinations of stellar
movements cannot so easily be carved out, in anticipation of every
nature-future-gestures so accurately, they adopted it. Also, software
cannot goback, as we wish to for many million years and is limited and
conditional. NASA has the best back projection calendar hence only we are
projecting 3000, 70000 and 10000 years like. In B g it is said aal were
ther in every yuga which is known only to the GOD but not ARJUNA like. As
it is not verifiable so easily, WEST DENIED THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
ASTRO-CALENDAR IN THE VEDA VEDANGAS.WHAT IS NOT VERIFIABLE IS NOT SCIENCE;
BUT THE TRUTH OF THE SCIENCE STATED AS PLANETARY POSITION IS DIFFERENT.
SCIENCE IS SENSORY PERCEPTIONS; INDIAN VEDIC SCRIPTURES SPECIFICATIONS ARE
ITI-HASA: IS THERE ANYTHING HIGHER THAN SCIENCE? MAY BE.
K RAJARAM IRS 221124
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: 'venkat giri' via iyer123 <[email protected]>
Date: Fri, 22 Nov 2024 at 10:03
Subject: Re: [iyer123] Hindu Calendars
To: Iyer <[email protected]>, ARR <[email protected]>
*Respected sir/s,*
*SUBJECT:** HINDU CALENDARS*
*Read with great interest…. your kindsef LUCID explantion/s. **With your
kind permission may I add?*
*For thousands of years, we humans have been trying to **work out the best
way to keep track of our time **on **EARTH**. **It turned out that it’s not
as **simple as one might think.*
*A CALENDAR **is essential for the study of **chronology,** which reckons
time by regular divisions, or periods, and uses these to date events. It is
also vital for any civilization that needs to measure periods for
agricultural, business, domestic, or other reasons.*
*Calendars are important for many reason**s,** including: *
*1. **Time management*
*Calendars help to plan our time by scheduling tasks, appointments, and
events. *
*2. **Productivity*
*Calendars help you create a routine and set goal. One can break down
objectives into actionable steps to stay motivated and track progress. *
*3. **Organization*
*Calendars help one keep track of meetings, deadlines, and important
events. They can also help you visualize our schedule and reminds on
holidays and time off. *
*4. **Collaboration*
*Calendars can helps to connect and collaborate while working remotely. *
*5. **PROCATINATION*
*Calendars can helps to avoid procrastination by giving a specific date and
time set aside for tasks. *
*6. **CHRONOLOGY*
*Calendars are essential for studying chronology, which uses regular
divisions to date events. *
*7. **Civilization*
*Calendars are vital for any civilization that needs to measure periods for
agricultural, business, domestic, or for other reasons.*
· *Talking about a lunar calendar, we usually have 354 days; however,
in a leap year, a lunar calendar has 384 days. A solar calendar has 365
days. In addition to it, there are 365 days, i.e., an additional day during
a leap year. Additionally, a lunar calendar shifts quickly in contrast to a
lunar calendar**.*
· *The most common Indian calendar is luni-solar, taking both the
Sun and Moon into account. It tries to fit together the cycle of lunar
months and the solar year in a single framework. There are some calendars
that appear to be synchronized to the motion of **VENUS,* *such as some of
the ancient Egyptian calendars.*
· *The **CHINESE** calendar is **different** from the Gregorian
calendar and is used to mark seasons and holidays in China. **The Chinese
calendar is based on lunar and solar elements and is called the
“agricultural calendar.”*
· *The **PERSIAN** calendar has been called **“one of the world's
most accurate calendar systems.”** Like the Islamic calendar, it dates back
to Muhammad's Hegira in 622 CE, but it is otherwise quite different. It's a
solar calendar, rather than a lunar one, with the year beginning at
midnight of the vernal equinox in Iran.*
· *The* *HINDU** calendar is known as a lunisolar calendar. The 12
months move according to the moon and the year is 354 days long. However,
every third year, 33 days (11 extra days * 3) are added by creating one
extra lunar month of 29 days.*
· *It is amusing to note*
*“**Indian kings absolutely loved to declare **new zero-dates* *when they
started a new dynasty**, to signify the beginning of a new glorious era.
This new zero-date would be followed throughout their kingdoms, until they
were replaced by a new dynasty and a new calendar was inaugurated with a
new zero-date”*
· *EVERYTHING REPEATS AFTER 33 YEARS**.** For
example, from **1986** one can travel 33 years in the past to **1953** or
33 years in the future to **2019.* *The lunar-moon cycle, when the sun and
moon align, repeats every 33 years**.*
· *Most years’ experience a total of **4** eclipses (2 solar and 2
lunar), with years of 5 or 6 eclipses occurring less frequently. It is
possible for 7 eclipses to occur in a single year, though this happens on
average only roughly every 33 years. 1982 was the last year this
occurred; **2038
will be the next.*
· *SOLAR ECLIPSES are fairly numerous, about 2 to 4 per year, but the
area on the ground covered by totality is only about 50 miles wide. In any
given location on Earth, a TOTAL ECLIPSE happens only once every **HUNDRED
YEARS** or so, though for **selected locations they can occur **as little
as a few years apart.*
*INTERESTINGS FACTS*
· *The Gregorian calendar is based on the Julian calendar, which
was created by Julius Caesar.* *Was named after Pope Gregory XIII,*
· *To keep the calendar accurate, the Gregorian calendar skips leap
years three times in every 400 years.*
· *The names of the months September, October, November, and
December come from the Latin words septem, octo, novem, and decem, which
mean "seven", "eight", "nine", and **"ten"* *respectively.*
· *The word "calendar" comes from the Roman word for the first day
of the month**, Kalends.*
· *The Roman calendar was used for political purposes, with high
priests adjusting the number of days in February to lengthen or shorten the
term of office of the consuls they supported**.*
· *SIZED TO FIT…* *Because of the **various gyrations of the
universe** (Earth moving around the Sun, **Earth rotating on its
axis**, **other
planets influencing the orbit of Earth, the solar system moving around the
galaxy, and so on), it’s pretty much impossible to come up with a
one-size-fits-all calendar that can be used reliably. Most calendars use
what are called “intercalary” days—or even months—that bring them in line
with the tropical year (the time it takes Earth to complete its orbit of
the Sun). Lunar calendars, which are used in many countries (especially in
Asia), require a 13th month to be added every few years. The Mayan calendar
had five intercalary days that were said to be unlucky and were observed
with fasting and sacrifices.*
· *The first eight months are named after various gods, goddesses,
festivals, and rulers. For instance, January (Januarius) is named for
Janus, the god of doorways and beginnings. February (Februarius) is named
for Februa, a feast of purification. *
· *Nowadays, when time calculations are pretty strictly controlled,
we all agree that a new day starts at midnight. **BUT IT IS NOT REALLY THE
BEST WAY!!!!* *For thousands of years, astronomers counted a day from**
NOON **to **NOON** . **Hindus and Egyptians marked a new day at dawn,* *but
Babylonians, Jews, and Greeks started at sunset. **Many people still
measure by using **these milestones for religious or cultural reasons.*
*Regards*
*V.Sridharan*
On Friday 22 November, 2024 at 07:08:50 am IST, ARR <
[email protected]> wrote:
https://youtube.com//@sanatanashruti
Click & Subscribe
Hindu Calendars
(Article contributed by Sri Ramana Sharma)
The Hindu Calendar is of two types:
1. the solar calendar or the saura maana, and
2. the lunisolar calendar or the chaandra maana.
We will describe both in detail in this article. The Basic Structure The
structure of the Hindu Calendar is of course composed of days making months
making years. The system of describing days is the same in both the solar
and lunisolar calendars. The system of describing months and hence years is
what distinguishes the solar and lunisolar calendars from each other. We
shall first describe the day, then the months and year of the solar
calendar, and then the months and year of the lunisolar calendar. Then we
shall speak about year numbering and the 60 names of the years. The Day The
Hindu calendrical day starts with local sunrise. It is allotted five
"properties", called anga-s. They are: 1. the tithi active at sunrise 2.
the weekday 3. the nakshatra in which the moon resides at sunrise 4. the
yoga active at sunrise 5. the karana active at sunrise. Together these are
called the panchaanga-s where pancha means "five" in Sanskrit. An
explanation of the terms follows. Tithi The angular distance (measured
anticlockwise) between the sun and moon as measured from the earth can vary
between 0° and 360°. This is divided into 30 parts. Each part ends at 12°,
24° etc. The circle ends at 360°. The time spent by the moon in each of
this parts (i.e. the time taken for the angular distance to change by 12°)
is called one tithi. The month has two paksha-s or fortnights. The first 15
tithi-s constitute the bright fortnight or shukla paksha and the next
15tithi-s constitute the dark fortnight or krishna paksha. Tithi-s are
indicated by their paksha and ordinal number within thepaksha. The 15th
tithi of the bright fortnight (full moon) is called puurnimaa and the 15th
tithi of the dark fortnight (new moon) is called amaavaasyaa. The tithi in
which the moon is at the time of sunrise of a day is taken to be the tithi
for the day. Weekday The weekdays are as usual seven. They are (starting
from Sunday): 1. Ravi vaasara 2. Soma vaasara 3. Mangala vaasara 4. Budha
vaasara 5. Guru vaasara 6. Shukra vaasara 7. Shani vaasara There are many
other variations of these names, using other names of the celestial bodies
of the Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus and Saturn. The word
vaasara means "weekday". Nakshatra The ecliptic (circle on the sky in which
the sun, moon and planets seem to move) is divided into 27 nakshatra-s,
which are variously called lunar houses or asterisms. The starting point
for this division is the point on the ecliptic directly opposite to the
star Spica called Chitraa in Sanskrit. (Other slightly-different
definitions exist.) It is called Meshaadi or the "start of Aries". The
ecliptic is divided into the nakshatra-s eastwards starting from this
point. The names of the nakshatra-s are given below. As always, there are
many versions with minor differences. The names in parentheses give roughly
the correspondence of the nakshatra-s to modern names of stars. Note that
nakshatra-s are (in this context) not just single stars but are segments on
the ecliptic characterised by one or more stars. Hence you will find many
stars mentioned for one nakshatra. Nakshatra to star correspondence
Nakshatra Star(s) Ashvinii β and γ Arietis Bharanii 35, 39, and 41 Arietis
Krittikaa Pleiades Rohinii Aldebaran Mrighashiirsha λ, φ Orionis Aardraa
Betelgeuse Punarvasu Castor and Pollux Pushya γ, δ and θ Cancri Aashleshaa
δ, ε, η, ρ, and σ Hydrae Maghaa Regulus Puurva Phalgunii δ and θ Leonis
Uttara Phalgunii Denebola Hasta α to ε Corvi Chitraa Spica Svaatii Arcturus
Vishaakhaa α, β, γ and ι Librae Anuuraadha β, δ and π Scorpionis Jyeshtha
α, σ, and τ Scorpionis Muula ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and ν Scorpionis Puurva
Ashaadhaa δ and ε Sagittarii Uttara Ashaadhaa ζ and σ Sagittarii Shravana
α, β and γ Aquilae Shravishthaa α to δ Delphinis Shatabhishaj γ Aquarii
Puurva Bhaadrapada α and β Pegasi Uttara Bhaadrapada γ Pegasi and α
Andromedae Revatii ζ Piscium The nakshatra in which the moon lies at the
time of sunrise of a day is the nakshatra for the day. Yoga First, the
angular distance along the ecliptic of any object on the sky, measured from
Meshaadi (as defined above) is called the longitude of that object. Now
when the longitude of the sun and the longitude of the moon are added, they
produce a value ranging from 0° to 360°. (Values greater than or equal to
360° must be reduced to less than 360° by subtracting 360°.) Now this is
divided into 27 parts. Each part will now equal 800' (where ' is the symbol
of the arcminute which means 1/60 of a degree.) Now these parts are called
the yoga-s. They are labeled: 1. Vishkambha 2. Priiti 3. Aayushmaan 4.
Saubhaagya 5. Shobhana 6. Atiganda 7. Sukarman 8. Dhriti 9. Shuula 10.
Ganda 11. Vriddhi 12. Dhruva 13. Vyaaghaata 14. Harshana 15. Vajra 16.
Siddhi 17. Vyatiipaata 18. Variiyas 19. Parigha 20. Shiva 21. Siddha 22.
Saadhya 23. Shubha 24. Shukla 25. Braahma 26. Aindra 27. Vaidhriti Again,
minor variations many exist. The yoga that is active during sunrise of a
day is the yoga for the day. Karana A karana is half of a tithi. Since the
tithi-s are 30 in number, one would expect there to be 60 karana-s. But
there are only eleven. There are four "fixed" karana-s and seven
"repeating" karana-s. The four "fixed" karana-s are: 1. Kimstughna 2.
Shakuni 3. Naaga 4. Chatushpaad The seven "repeating" karana-s are: 1. Bava
2. Baalava 3. Kaulava 4. Taitila 5. Gara 6. Vanija 7. Vishti Now the first
half of the first tithi (of the bright fortnight) is always Kimstughna
karana. Hence this karana is "fixed". Next, the seven repeating karana-s
repeat eight times to cover the next 56 half-tithi-s. Thus these are the
"repeating"karana-s. The three remaining half-tithi-s take the remaining
"fixed" karana-s in order. Thus these are also "fixed". The karana active
during sunrise of a day is the karana for the day.
________________________________________ The Month and Year of the Solar
Calendar Now that the days are defined, we shall speak of how the solar
calendar reckons its months and year. As has been previously noted, the sun
is observed to travel along the ecliptic. The ecliptic is now divided into
twelve parts called raashi-s, starting from the point of Meshaadi defined
above and moving eastwards. They are: 1. Mesha 2. Vrishabha 3. Mithuna 4.
Kataka 5. Simha 6. Kanyaa 7. Tulaa 8. Vrishchika 9. Dhanus 10. Makara 11.
Kumbha 12. Miina These are the Sanskrit equivalents of the zodiac – Aries
etc. The day on which the sun transits into each raashi before sunset is
taken to be the first day of the month. In case the sun transits into a
raashi after a sunset but before the next sunrise, then the next day is the
first day of the month. (Minor variations on this definition exist.) The
days are then labeled 1, 2, 3…. till the first day of the next month. Thus
we get twelve months with varying lengths of 29 to 32 days. This variation
in length is because the path of the earth around the sun is an ellipse.
The months are named by the raashi in which the sun travels in that month.
The new year day is the first day of the month of Mesha. Currently, it
occurs around April 15th on the Gregorian calendar. This is the structure
of the Hindu Solar Calendar. ________________________________________ The
Months of the Lunisolar Calendar When a new moon occurs before sunrise on a
day, that day is said to be the first day of the lunar month. The days are
not labeled separately from 1 as in the solar calendar, but the tithi is
their only label. When two successive days have the sametithi, the latter
is called an adhika tithi where adhika means "extra". Sometimes, one tithi
may never touch a sunrise, and hence no day will be labeled by that tithi.
It is then said to be a tithi kshaya where kshaya means "loss". The lunar
month names are: 1. Chaitra 2. Vaishaakha 3. Jyaishtha 4. Aashaadha 5.
Shraavana 6. Bhaadrapada 7. Aashvayuja 8. Kaartika 9. Maargashiirsha 10.
Pausha 11. Maagha 12. Phaalguna Naming Lunar Months The naming of the lunar
months is somewhat complex. It is based on the raashi into which the sun
transits within a lunar month, i.e. before the new moon ending the month.
Extra Months There are twelve raashi names, there are twelve lunar month
names. When the sun transits into Mesha raashi in a lunar month, then the
name of the lunar month is Chaitra. When the sun transits into Vrishabha,
then the lunar month isVaishaakha. So on. When the sun does not at all
transit into any raashi but simply keeps moving within a raashi in a lunar
month (i.e. before a new moon), then that lunar month will be named
according to the first upcoming transit. It will also take the epithet of
adhikaor "extra". For example, if a lunar month elapsed without a solar
transit and the next transit is into Mesha, then this month without transit
is labeled adhika Chaitra. The next month will be labeled according to its
transit as usual and will get the epithet shuddha or "clean". [Note that an
adhika month is the first of two whereas an adhika tithi is the second of
two.] An adhika maasa (month) occurs once every two or three years. Lost
Months Now if the sun transits into two raashi-s within a lunar month, then
the lunar month will be labeled by the first transit and will take the
epithet kshaya or "loss". Actually, the month "lost" is the month which
would have been labeled by the second transit. For example, if the sun
transits into Mesha and Vrishabha in a lunar month, then it will be called
Chaitra kshaya. There will be no month labeled Vaishaakha. Sometimes a
kshaya is named by both months, so: Chaitra-Vaishaakha Kshayain which case
the implication would be that the two months have merged (for religious
purposes, see below). A kshaya maasa occurs very rarely. Known gaps between
occurrence of kshaya maasa-s are 19 and 141 years. The last was in 1983 CE.
Jan-15 through Feb-12 were Pausha(-Maagha) kshaya. Feb-13 onwards was
(adhika) Phaalguna and notMaagha. Maagha was "lost" that year. Special
Case: If there is no solar transit in a lunar month but there are two
transits in the next lunar month, the first month will be labeled by the
first transit of the second month (as usual) and take the epithet adhika
and the next month will be labeled by its first transit (as usual) and take
the epithet kshaya. By one calculation, the last such occurrence was in
1963 CE. Oct-18 to Nov-16 midday were adhika Kaartika. From then on to
Dec-15 were Kaartika(-Maargashiirsha) kshaya. Dec-16 onwards was Pausha,
not Maargashiirsha. Handling of religious observances in case of extra and
lost months Among normal months, adhika months, and kshaya months, the
earlier are considered "better" for religious purposes. That means, if a
festival should fall on the 10th tithi of the Aashvayuja month (this is
called Vijayadashamii) and there are twoAashvayuja months, the first adhika
month will not see the festival, and the festival will be observed only in
the second nijamonth. However, if the second month is Aashvayuja kshaya
then the festival will be observed in the first adhika month itself. A
festival which is to be observed on a month that was lost will be observed
on the corresponding "previous" i.e. kshayamonth. For example, the festival
of Mahaashivaraatri which is to be observed on the fourteenth tithi of the
dark fortnight ofMaagha was, in 1983 CE, observed on the corresponding
tithi of Pausha kshaya, since in that year, Maagha was lost, as we
mentioned above. ________________________________________ The Year of the
Lunisolar Calendar The new year day is the first day of the month of
Chaitra. In case of adhika Chaitra or Chaitra kshaya the rules outlined
above will apply. ________________________________________ Correspondence
of the Lunisolar Calendar to the Solar Calendar A lunisolar calendar is
always a calendar based on the moon's celestial motion, which in a way
keeps itself close to a solar calendar based on the sun's (apparent)
celestial motion. That is, the lunisolar calendar's new year is to kept
always close (within certain limits) to a solar calendar's new year. Since
the Hindu lunar month names are based on solar transits, and the month of
Chaitra will, as defined above, always be close to the solar month of
Mesha, the Hindu lunisolar calendar will always keep in track with the
Hindu solar calendar. ________________________________________ Year
numbering and names The epoch (starting point or first day of the first
year) of the current era of Hindu calendar (both solar and lunisolar) is
BCE3102 January 23 on the proleptic Gregorian calendar (i.e. the Gregorian
calendar extended back in time before its promulgation from 1582 October
15). Both the solar and lunisolar calendars started on this date. After
that, each year is labeled by the number of years elapsed since the epoch.
This is a unique feature of the Hindu calendar. All other systems use the
current ordinal number of the year as the year label. But just as a
person's true age is measured by the number of years that have elapsed
starting from the date of the person's birth, the Hindu calendar measures
the number of years elapsed. Today (as of writing this on 2005-05-18) the
elapsed years in the Hindu calendar are 5106 and this is the 5107th Hindu
calendar year. Note that the lunisolar calendar year will usually start
earlier than the solar calendar year. Apart from this numbering system,
there is also a cycle of 60 calendar year names, which started at the first
year (at elapsed years zero) and runs continuously: 1. Prabhava 2. Vibhava
3. Shukla 4. Pramoda 5. Prajotpatti 6. Aangirasa 7. Shriimukha 8. Bhaava 9.
Yuvan 10. Dhaatu 11. Iishvara 12. Bahudhaanya 13. Pramaathin 14. Vikrama
15. Vrisha 16. Chitrabhaanu 17. Svabhaanu 18. Taarana 19. Paarthiva 20.
Vyaya 21. Sarvajit 22. Sarvadhaarin 23. Virodhin 24. Vikrita 25. Khara 26.
Nandana 27. Vijaya 28. Jaya 29. Manmatha 30. Durmukha 31. Hemalambi 32.
Vilambi 33. Vikaarin 34. Shaarvari 35. Plava 36. Shubhakrit 37. Shobhana
38. Krodhin 39. Vishvaavasu 40. Paraabhava 41. Plavanga 42. Kiilaka 43.
Saumya 44. Saadhaarana 45. Virodhikrit 46. Paritaapin 47. Pramaadin 48.
Aananda 49. Raakshasa 50. Nala 51. Pingala 52. Kaalayukti 53. Siddhaarthin
54. Raudra 55. Durmati 56. Dundubhi 57. Rudhirodgaarin 58. Raktaaksha 59.
Krodhana 60. Akshaya ________________________________________ Eras Hindu
mythology speaks of four eras or ages, of which we are currently in the
last. The four are: 1. Krita Yuga 2. Tretaa Yuga 3. Dvaapara Yuga 4. Kali
Yuga They are often translated into English as the golden, silver, bronze
and iron ages. (Yuga means era.) It is believed that the ages see a gradual
decline of dharma, wisdom, knowledge, intellectual capability, life span
and emotional and physical strength. The epoch provided above is the start
of the Kali Yuga. The Kali Yuga is 432,000 years long. The Dvaapara,
Tretaaand Krita Yuga-s are said to be twice, thrice and four time the
length of the Kali Yuga respectively. Thus they together constitute
4,320,000 years. This is called a Caturyuga. A thousand and a thousand
(i.e. two thousand) caturyuga-s are said to be one day and night of the
creator Brahmaa. He (the creator) lives for 100 years of 360 such days and
at the end, he is said to dissolve, along with his entire Creation, into
the Eternal Soul or Paramaatman or Brahma (different from Brahmaa).
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