V G: 181124 Many historians believe that Christianity was one of
the factors that incited the fall of the Roman Empire.
This post is for those who said that
“If CHRISTIANS had not come, one would have been a savage or
Barbarians.”. This posting is to COUNTER!!!
KR: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE Roman Empire (BY GIBBON)analses in detail
the cause and effect for the fall where christianity was the 100th cause
and noy prime one whicle there were 99 early primary causes.
For the followers of traditional Roman religions, Christianity was seen as
an odd entity, not quite Roman, but not quite barbarian either. Christians
criticized fundamental beliefs of Roman society, and refused to participate
in rituals, festivals and the imperial cult. They were a target for
suspicion and rumor, including rumors that they were politically subversive
and practiced black magic, incest and cannibalism. Conversions tore
families apart: Justin Martyr tells of a pagan husband who denounced his
Christian wife, and Tertullian tells of children disinherited for becoming
Christians. Despite this, for most of its first three centuries,
Christianity was usually tolerated, and episodes of persecution tended to
be localized actions by mobs and governors. Suetonius and Tacitus both
record emperor Nero persecuting Christians in the mid-1st century, however
this only occurred within Rome itself. There were no empire-wide
persecutions until Christianity reached a critical juncture in the
mid-third century.
Beginning with less than 1000 people, by the year 100, Christianity
had grown to perhaps one hundred small household churches consisting of an
average of around seventy (12–200) members each. These churches were a
segmented series of small groups By 200, Christian numbers had grown to
over 200,000 people, and communities with an average size of 500–1000
people existed in approximately 200–400 towns. By the mid-3rd century, the
little house-churches where Christians had assembled were being succeeded
by buildings adapted or designed to be churches complete with assembly
rooms, classrooms, and dining rooms. The earliest dated church building to
survive comes from around this time.
In his mathematical modelling, Rodney Stark estimates that Christians
made up around 1.9% of the Roman population in 250 That year, Decius made
it a capital offence to refuse to make sacrifices to Roman Gods, although
it did not outlaw Christian worship and may not have targeted Christians
specifically. Valerian pursued similar policies later that decade. These
were followed by a 40-year period of tolerance known as the "little peace
of the Church". Christianity grew in that time to have a major demographic
presence. Stark, building on earlier estimates by theologian Robert M.
Grant and historian Ramsay MacMullen, estimates that Christians made up
around ten percent of the Roman population by 300. The last and most severe
official persecution, the Diocletianic Persecution, took place in 303–311. {KR:
GIBBON WROTE 99 REASONS AND CHRISTIANITY UPRAISE OF 2% OF ROMANS COULD NOT
HAVE UPROOTED THE ROMAN DYNASTY AT ALL!} (IT IS A CASE OF ALSO RAN}
Under Constantine and his Christian successors
Constantine, who gained full control of the empire in 312, became
the first Christian emperor. Although he was not baptised until shortly
before his death, he pursued policies that were favorable to Christianity.
The Edict of Milan of 313 ended official persecutions of Christianity
extending toleration to all religions. Constantine supported the Church
financially, built basilicas, granted privileges to clergy which had
previously been available only to pagan priests (such as exemption from
certain taxes), promoted Christians to high office, and returned property
confiscated during the persecutions. He also sponsored the First Council of
Nicea to codify aspects of Christian doctrine.
*According to Stark, the rate of Christianity's growth under its first
Christian emperor in the 4th century did not alter (more than normal
regional fluctuations) from its rate of growth in the first three
centuries.* However, since Stark describes an exponential growth curve, he
adds that this "probably was a period of 'miraculous seeming' growth in
terms of absolute numbers". By the middle of the century, it is likely that
Christians comprised just over half of the empire's population.
------------------------------------------------------------
V G *Kindly note these **ENCOUNTERS*
*V G: 1. The oldest temple in the world (Gobekli tape) is in Turkey....
It is a Hindu temple. It was built 11,000 years ago.*
KR It is TEPE NOT TAPE. UNESCO REPORT ARCH REPORTS AS UNDER:
Göbekli Tepe is located in Upper Mesopotamia, a region which saw the
emergence of the most ancient farming communities in the world. Monumental
structures, interpreted as monumental communal buildings (enclosures), were
erected by groups of hunter-gatherers in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period
(10th-9th millennia BC). The monuments were probably used in connection
with social events and rituals and feature distinctive limestone T-shaped
pillars, some of which are up to 5.50 meters tall. Some of the pillars,
which are abstract depictions of the human form, also feature low reliefs
of items of clothing, e.g. belts and loincloths, as well as high and low
reliefs of wild animals. Recent excavation works have also identified the
remains of non-monumental structures which appear to stem from domestic
buildings.
Criterion (i): The communities that built the monumental megalithic
structures of Göbekli Tepe lived during one of the most momentous
transitions in human history, one which took us from hunter-gatherer
lifeways to the first farming communities. The monumental buildings at
Göbekli Tepe demonstrate the creative human genius of these early
(Pre-Pottery Neolithic) societies.
Criterion (ii): Göbekli Tepe is one of the first manifestations of
human-made monumental architecture. The site testifies to innovative
building techniques, including the integration of frequently decorated
T-shaped limestone pillars, which also fulfilled architectural functions.
The imagery found at Göbekli Tepe, adorning T-pillars and some small finds
(stone vessels, shaft-straighteners, etc.), is also found at
contemporaneous sites in the Upper Mesopotamian region, thus testifying to
a close social network in this core region of Neolithisation.
Criterion (iv): Göbekli Tepe is an outstanding example of a monumental
ensemble of monumental megalithic structures illustrating a significant
period of human history. The monolithic T-shaped pillars were carved from
the adjacent limestone plateau and attest to new levels of architectural
and engineering technology. They are believed to bear witness to the
presence of specialized craftsmen, and possibly the emergence of more
hierarchical forms of human society.
Integrity Göbekli Tepe contains all the elements necessary for the
expression of its Outstanding Universal Value and is of adequate size to
ensure the complete presentation of the features and processes which convey
its significance.
The physical fabric of the property is in good condition and the processes
of deterioration are monitored and carefully controlled.
The conditions of integrity are potentially vulnerable in the buffer zone
and wider setting of the property due to the future infrastructure projects
(railway line) and the increase in visitor numbers likely to be generated.
Authenticity The megalithic structures have largely retained the
original form and design of their architectural elements, together with
numerous decorative elements and craft works that provide an insight into
the way of life of the societies that occupied the site. The results of
more than twenty years of research and archaeological excavations on the
site testify to its authenticity. Excavations and research under way since
the mid-1990s also provide a more balanced and detailed view of the
relationship between the various aspects of usage and the prehistoric
importance of the property.
Protection and management requirements Göbekli Tepe is legally
protected by Law 2863/1983 on the Protection of the Cultural and Natural
Properties, amended in 1987 and 2004. In 2005, the tell and the limestone
plateau were inscribed as a 1st Degree Archaeological Conservation Site by
the decision of the Diyarbakır Council for Conservation of Cultural and
Natural Properties. In 2016, the buffer zone was registered as a 3rd Degree
Archaeological Conservation Site, by the decision of the Şanlıurfa Council
for Conservation of Cultural Properties.
The institutional framework for the implementation of the protection
measures consists at national level of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism,
at regional level of the Şanlıurfa Council for Conservation of Cultural
Properties, and at local level of Şanlıurfa Museum. Since 2014 the
Ministry of Culture and Tourism has granted an excavation permit to
Şanlıurfa Museum in collaboration with the German Archaeological
Institute .
The property, its buffer zone and its wider setting are protected by a
strict regime of maintenance and control, derived from extensive statutory
protection and state ownership. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism,
through the Şanlıurfa Museum and the German Archaeological Institute, has
in place an effective system of monitoring of all the assets and their
condition, which includes an ongoing maintenance programme.
The management plan was drawn up in 2013, revised in 2016 and finalised in
2017. Within the framework of the revised conservation legislation
(Protection of Cultural and Natural Properties Law No.2863, 23/07/1983 as
amended by the Law No.5226, 14/07/2004) and its supplementary Regulation on
the Substance and Procedures of the Establishment and Duties of the Site
Management and the Management Council and Identification of Management
Sites No.26006, 27/11/2005, a site manager was appointed in 2014. An
Advisory Board, set up in 2016, examines the management plan and submits
proposals for decision-making and the implementation of the plan. A
Coordination and Audit Board, also set up in 2016, examines and approves
the draft master plan.
KR SO, THERE ARE NO REPORTS OF ANY INDIAN TEMPLE THERE. OFCOURSE
MESOPATOMIA RELATED TO INDIA RATHER BHARAT-KANDA.
-----------------------------------------
V G: 2. The largest temple in the world ANKGOR WAT is a Hindu temple. Its
size is 402 acres. It is located near the Thai border in Cambodia
K R: YES, ABSOLUTEKLY THE AUTHENTIC HISTORY IS:
Angkor Wat, temple complex at Angkor, near Siem Reap, Cambodia, that was
built in the 12th century by King Suryavarman II (reigned 1113–c. 1150) of
the Khmer empire. The vast religious complex of Angkor Wat comprises more
than a thousand buildings, and it is one of the great cultural wonders of
the world. Angkor Wat is the world’s largest religious structure, covering
some 400 acres (160 hectares), and marks the high point of Khmer
architecture. Angkor Wat, near Siem Reap, CambodiaView of Angkor Wat,
Cambodia's most famous temple and a UNESCO World Heritage site. All of the
original religious motifs derived from Hinduism, and the temple was
dedicated to the god Vishnu. The five central towers of Angkor Wat
symbolize the peaks of Mount Meru, which according to Hindu mythology is
the dwelling place of the gods. The mountain is said to be surrounded by an
ocean, and the complex’s enormous moat suggests the oceans at the edge of
the world. A 617-foot (188-meter) bridge allows access to the site. The
temple is reached by passing through three galleries, each separated by a
paved walkway. The temple walls are covered with bas-relief sculptures of
very high quality representing Hindu gods and ancient Khmer scenes as well
as scenes from the Mahabharata and the Ramayana.
After the Cham people of modern-day Vietnam sacked Angkor in
1177, King Jayavarman VII (reigned 1181–c. 1220) decided that the Hindu
gods had failed him. When he built a new capital nearby, Angkor Thom, he
dedicated it to Buddhism. Thereafter, Angkor Wat became a Buddhist shrine,
and many of its carvings and statues of Hindu deities were replaced by
Buddhist art. In the early 15th century Angkor was abandoned. Still,
Theravada Buddhist monks-maintained Angkor Wat, which remained an important
pilgrimage site and continued to attract European visitors. Angkor Wat was
“rediscovered” by explorer Henri Mouhot after the French colonial regime
was established in 1863.
-------------------------------------
V G 3. World's largest umbrella temple Kailasanathar temple... This
is the first and only temple built from the top of the entire mountain... 5
lakh tons of rock was cut and removed in 18 years to build it. Not even
possible with today's technology...
KR: Jain architectures show through out india that they
occupied caves much interior for fear of life and lead alif of carving over
the rocks whee they lived. ELLORA carvings not only kailasanathar but the
total carvings exclusively were made by carving from top chipping, making
holes, breaking the rock passing through and took a life time of
generations to build. As written above not possible with today technology
is out of sheer pride but not true. Vozhuppuram vaves smaller temples look
similar. ELLORA looks perPexing because, of the massive structires. UNLESS
THE DESIGN WAS MASTER MINDED IN THE BRAIN AND CARRIED OUT BRING OUT THE
DESIGN WHICH IS THE WONDER PEOPLE ARE GETTING ATTRACTED TO.
*The Kailasa Temple or Cave 16 is one of the 34 cave temples* and
monasteries collectively known as the Ellora Caves, one among the most
visited tourist destinations in Maharashtra. A megalith carved out of a
single rock, it is considered as one of largest single monolithic
excavation in the world and among the most remarkable cave temples in
India. Apart from its impressive size, the temple is also remarkable for
its sculptures, as well as for the fine workmanship of its other
architectural elements. If you are a history buff and want to know more
about this temple then go through our list of some interesting facts about
Kailasa Temple of Ellora here.
World’s Largest Monolithic Structure
Locally known as ‘Verul Leni’, Ellora Caves are well-known for its largest
single monolithic excavation in the world, the great Kailasa Temple. The
Great Kailasa is a freestanding, multi-storied temple complex dedicated to
Lord Shiva. The specialty of this 1300 year’s old architectural marvel is
that it is carved out of a single volcanic basaltic rock of the Charanandri
hills and is considered as the largest monolithic piece of art in India as
well as in the world. Even the sculptures at this enigmatic temple are
carved from the same piece of rock as the rest of the temple. The temple
architecture shows traces of Pallava and Chalukya styles. Attracting huge
number of tourists across the globe from centuries, it is one of the must
visit places in Ellora during your Aurangabad Tour.
Carved from Top to Bottom
The architecture of Kailasa Temple is notable for its vertical excavation,
the work started at the top and moved downwards, rolling down the large
boulders split from the mountain using steel rod drills. One can see the
drill marks on the surrounding walls that are still visible. A megalith
carved out of a single rock, the Kailasa Temple is the only structure in
the world that is craved from the top to bottom. Every single design and
measurement was planned very accurately as once its cut there was no chance
to change it by adding any extra stone or piece of rock. Legend has it that
nearly 200,000 tonnes of rock was removed to construct this monolithic
structure.
-------------------------------------
V G 4. RICHEST temple in the world Thiruvananthapuram Ananta
Padmanapaswamy Temple.
*KR*
* Last updated on September 11th, 2024 05:49 pm*
* Richest Temple in India*
*India, is not only a land of diverse cultures and traditions but also a
country that boasts an immense spiritual heritage. Among the countless
temples spread across the nation, some stand out not only for their
religious significance but also for their remarkable wealth. These temples
are just centers of worship but also economic powerhouses. In this article,
we will take a closer look at the top-10 richest temples in India,
showcasing their opulence and the spiritual devotion that drives their
wealth.*
*Top-10 Richest Temples in India*
*Tirumala Tirupati Venkateshwara Temple, located in Tirupati, Andhra
Pradesh, is the richest temple in India.*
*Here is the list of top-10 richest temples in India:*
*Richest Temple in India S. No. Temple Location*
*1. Tirumala Tirupati Venkateshwara Temple Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh*
*2. Shri Padmanabhaswamy Temple Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala*
*3. Siddhivinayak Temple Mumbai, Maharashtra*
*4. Shirdi Sai Baba Temple Shirdi, Maharashtra*
*5. Golden Temple Amritsar, Punjab*
*6. Meenakshi Temple Madurai, Tamil Nadu*
*7. Guruvayur Temple Guruvayur, Kerala*
*8. Somnath Temple Veraval (Somnath), Gujarat*
*9. Vaishno Devi Temple Katra, Jammu & Kashmir*
*10. Swaminarayan Akshardham Temple*
* ---------------------------------------*
*V G 6. **TAMIL* *is the oldest language in the world….*
*But Hinduism has been around for **11, 11,000** years*
· *If they had not come and **LOOTED **us**, we would have become
the richest country in the world.*
· * Before the emergence of these two religions, all the people here
were Hindus...*
· *ANCIENT Tamils worshipped nature and considered all forms of
life sacred:*
*KR: 1 The reasons given individually and by many books written were
all based on no evidentiary factors. The language tamil is older but not
old enough as sanskrit. *
*Kumari kandam drowned is shown as one reason but the pieces of lands
together alone made the world as one even by the Barthalomia maps; and
kumari kandan place does not reveal any language spoken people ever living
over there*
* Another reason adduced is agathiyam a grammer book but that is
unavailable except mentioned in the air. *
*The ancient civilisation is known only by literature first and evidences
of excavations. If so the oldest book in Tamil is only tolkappium wher
etolkappier says in the ope ning verse that he followed Panini sanskrit
grammer and wrote. So as Rigvedam being the oldest in sanskrit in the world
Tamil is not the oldest. *
*Annot say all were Hindus since chola dynastu brought in Greek and singala
into so other than hindus could have lived in india even from Mahabharatham
period. *
*K Rajaram IRS 181124*
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: 'venkat giri' via iyer123 <[email protected]>
Date: Mon, 18 Nov 2024 at 10:39
Subject: [iyer123] IF CHRISTIANS NOT INVADED US..???..PONDER OVER
To: Iyer <[email protected]>
*Respected sir/s,*
*SUBJECT**: **IF CHRISTIANS NOT INVADED US..???..**PONDER OVER*
* Many historians believe that Christianity was one of the
factors that incited the fall of the Roman Empire. *
* It changed the values embraced by the Romans from honour, winning
glory and **domination over others to compassion and modesty. This in turn
halted Rome’s military conquests, as the appetite for glory and plunder
became smaller among the population. The economy of ancient Rome was very
dependent on the conquests. New territories provided taxes, resources, land
and public offices for ambitious citizens. Those were needed to keep the
machinery of the Empire running smoothly*
*CHRISTIANITY** was also responsible for the gradual abolition of
slavery in Rome. **Slavery was another institution that made the economy of
the Empire run**. **After losing popularity and subsequent fading into
nonexistence the Romans didn’t manage to find a system to replace it with,
specifically one that would be as efficient for implementing large-scale
infrastructural projects. Also the profits of public and large private
estates drastically fell, crippling Rome’s source of revenues further.*
* Historically Southern and Northern Europe had unified around
Christianity, when the Germanic, Celtic and Slavic peoples subsequently
converted to the new faith. Would Europe have been united without it?
Impossible to say. Perhaps a still thriving Roman Empire would have
conquered Northern Europe, creating a giant country encompassing all of
today’s Europe, North Africa and the **Middle East?*
*ISLAM **was born in Arabia - a polytheistic region but with **strong
Christian and Jewish influences**. If these influences had not been
there **another
monotheistic religion might not have come into existence. Also looking from
the perspective of Islamic theology **Muhammad **who claimed to be the **“seal
of the prophets”** could not have come to be without JESUS - **an earlier
prophet. **Muhammad was obviously very influenced by Christianity.*
* CHRISTIANITY and ISLAM did a lot to stop scientific
research. It took **centuries** of breaking through the strict theological
opposition for the period of Enlightenment to commence and free the minds
of Europeans from the religious restrictions in thinking imposed by
Christianity. Before that, terrorizing great minds and sometimes murdering
innovators and free-thinkers halted humanity’s advancement for an
unforgivable length of time.*
* The great Buddhist universities of India, like NALANDA were
far more advanced than the science in Europe in the X-XI centuries. They’ve
been burned to the ground by the Muslim invading armies between the VIII
and XII centuries. I*
*This post is for those who said that *
*“If **CHRISTIANS** had not come, one would have been a savage or
Barbarians.”. This posting is to **COUNTER!!!*
*Kindly note these **ENCOUNTERS*
*1. The oldest temple in the world (Gobekli tape) is in Turkey.... It is a
Hindu temple. It was built 11,000 years ago.*
*2. The largest temple in the world **ANKGOR WAT* *is a Hindu temple. **Its
size is 402 acres**. **It is located near the Thai border in Cambodia*
*3. World's largest umbrella temple Kailasanathar temple... This is the
first and only temple built from the top of the entire mountain... **5
lakh* *tons
of rock was cut** and removed in **18 years** to build it. Not even
possible with today's technology...*
*4. **RICHEST** temple in the world Thiruvananthapuram Ananta
Padmanapaswamy Temple.*
*5**. CHIDAMBARAM Temple is the first temple in the world to have a GOLD
ROOF.*
*6. **TAMIL* *is the oldest language in the world….*
* Are We the wild savages the oldest, the biggest, and the first time in
the world?*
*While one hunted and ate , we farmed here...*
*We have created many epics here before one even found a language**...*
* If CHRISTIANS** had not come, enslaved us and stole our
resources; **perhaps
**WE** might have been WILD** SAVAGERS**??*
*Some people advocate...*
· * To return the treasures that Ghazini Mohammad took away from
Somnath temple 18 times... **still we can build more treasures than
this...*
*FINALLY...* *here is TAMIL CULTURE...*
· *Christianity is only 2000 years old*
· *Islam has been around for 1400 years...*
*But Hinduism has been around for **11, 11,000** years*
· *If they had not come and LOOTED us, we would have become the
richest country in the world.*
· * Before the emergence of these two religions, all the people
here were Hindus...*
· *ANCIENT Tamils worshipped nature and considered all forms of
life sacred:*
*தமிழன் என்றொரு இனமுண்டு*
*தனியே அவற்கொரு குணமுண்டு*
*அமிழ்தம் அவனுடை மொழியாகும்*
*அன்பே அவனுடை வழியாகும்.*
*அறிவின் கடலைக் கடைந்தனவாம்*
*அமிர்தம் திருக்குறள் அடைந்தனவாம்*
*பொறியின் ஆசையைக் குறைத்திடவே*
*பொருந்திய நூல்கள் உரைத்திடுவான்.*
*கவிதைச் சுவைகளை வடித்தெடுத்தான்*
*கம்பன் பாட்டெனப் பெயர்கொடுத்தான்*
*புவியில் இன்பம் பகர்ந்தவெலாம்*
*புண்ணிய முறையில் நுகர்ந்திடுவான்**,*
*‘**பத்தினி சாபம் பலித்துவிடும்**’*
*பாரில் இம்மொழி ஒலித்திடவே*
*சித்திரச் சிலப்பதி காரமதை*
*செய்தவன் துறவுடை ஓராசன்.*
*சிந்தா மணி**, **மணி மேகலையும்*
*பத்துப் பாட்டெனும் சேகரமும்*
*நந்தா விளக்கெனத் தமிழ்நாட்டின்*
*நாகரி கத்தினை மிகக்காட்டும்.*
*…..* *நாமக்கல் கவிஞர் வெ. இராமலிங்கம் பிள்ளை**(அக்டோபர் 19**, 1888 -
ஆகஸ்ட் 24, 1972)*
*Regards*
*V.Sridharan*
*Trichy*
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