CULTURAL QA 09202410
Science of every day-Base Quora QA-Compiled
Q1 Who discovered the cell?
KR: I Yes, in western science yes as expanded below:
The discovery of cells is a foundational moment in biology, marking the
beginning of cell theory and our understanding of the basic unit of life.
Here's a brief overview of key milestones in the discovery of cells:
1. *Robert Hooke (1665)*:
o *Microscope and Observations*: Robert Hooke, an English scientist, is
credited with the first recorded observation of cells. Using a microscope
he had designed; he examined a thin slice of cork and observed a
honeycomb-like structure. He coined the term "cells" because the cork cells
reminded him of the small rooms (cells) in a monastery.
2. *Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1670s)*:
o *Improved Microscopy*: A Dutch tradesman and scientist, Anton van
Leeuwenhoek, improved the design of the microscope and was the first to
observe living cells. He examined pond water, sperm, and blood, discovering
a variety of microscopic organisms and noting their movement. His
observations were crucial in recognizing the diversity of life at the
microscopic level.
3. *Matthias Schleiden (1838)*:
o *Plant Cells*: Matthias Schleiden, a German botanist, proposed that
all plant tissues are composed of cells. He concluded that the cell is the
basic unit of structure in plants, contributing significantly to the
development of cell theory.
4. *Theodor Schwann (1839)*:
o *Animal Cells*: Theodor Schwann, a German physiologist, extended
Schleiden's ideas to animals, suggesting that all animal tissues are also
composed of cells. Together with Schleiden's work, Schwann's contributions
helped formulate the cell theory, which states that all living organisms
are composed of cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.
5. *Rudolf Virchow (1855)*:
o *Cell Division*: Rudolf Virchow, a German physician, added to cell
theory the idea that all cells arise from pre-existing cells. His famous
statement "Omnis cellula e cellula" (every cell from a cell) emphasized
that new cells are formed only through the division of existing cells.
These discoveries collectively established the cell theory, which remains a
central concept in biology. The advancements in microscopy and cell biology
have since expanded our understanding of cellular functions, structures,
and processes
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II The concept of cells, as understood in modern biology, isn't
explicitly mentioned in ancient Indian Vedic scriptures. However, Vedic
texts and other ancient Indian literature contain rich descriptions of the
human body and its functions that suggest an intricate understanding of
anatomy and physiology. Here’s how ancient Indian texts relate to concepts
that might loosely connect to the idea of cells:
1. *Ayurveda and Ancient Indian Medicine*:
o *Sushruta Samhita and Charaka Samhita*: These classical texts of
Ayurveda, which date back to around 600-400 BCE, describe the human body in
terms of its fundamental elements (the five great elements: earth, water,
fire, air, and ether) and its functional components (doshas, dhatus, and
malas). While they do not mention cells explicitly, they provide detailed
descriptions of bodily functions, tissues, and organs.
o *Dhatus*: These are the seven fundamental tissues in the body
according to Ayurvedic medicine. They include Rasa (plasma), Rakta (blood),
Mamsa (muscle), Meda (fat), Asthi (bone), Majja (marrow), and Shukra
(reproductive tissue). Each of these could be seen as a rough precursor to
the concept of different types of cells or tissues.
2. *Upanishads and Vedic Texts*:
o *Concept of Microcosm and Macrocosm*: The Upanishads, ancient Indian
philosophical texts, often explore the relationship between the individual
(microcosm) and the universe (macrocosm). They discuss the body and its
processes in a more metaphysical sense rather than in strictly anatomical
terms.
3. *Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras*:
o *Body as a System*: While not directly related to cells, Patanjali's
Yoga Sutras discuss the body’s various functions and its interconnected
systems, which aligns with the holistic approach to health and physiology
found in Ayurveda.
4. *Anatomical Knowledge*:
o *Detailed Descriptions*: Ancient Indian scholars like Sushruta and
Charaka made detailed observations of the human body and its diseases.
Their anatomical and physiological knowledge, while not framed in the
context of cells, shows an advanced understanding of how bodily functions
and structures interrelate.
In summary, while ancient Indian Vedic scriptures do not describe cells in
the way modern biology does, they provide a profound and sophisticated
understanding of the human body and its functions. This traditional
knowledge laid the groundwork for many concepts related to health and
anatomy that continue to be of interest in both historical and contemporary
contexts.
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III Yes, the Vedas do mention microorganisms pretty explicitly -
most especially the *Atharva Veda*. The Vedas use the word krimi, which is
usually translated as “insects” or sometimes “worms”. But it does not mean
only insects as categorized by modern science. The Vedas refer to both
drishta (visible) and adrishta (invisible) krimi, and describes them as the
cause of many diseases. Often the Atharva Veda explicitly describes
“invisible insects” entering the body and causing various diseases - that
sounds pretty clearly like microorganisms to me.
Many other terms are also used, like sukshmajiva, meaning “subtle life
forms”, not observable by the eye but inferred by their effects. This is
often applied to supernatural beings like spirits, but many (though not
all) of the references could just as well apply to microorganisms, and
sometimes the same creatures are also referred to as krimi or insect-like,
invisible (adrishta) simply because they are so small.
The Vedas prescribed strict hygiene and sanitation practices, herbal
medicine, and many various rituals (primarily, though far from
exclusively, revolving
around Surya and Agni, Sun and Fire, and fumigation with consecrated smoke)
to manage and treat these diseases caused by microorganisms.
It was actually one particular Rishi of the Vedas, Maharishi Kanva,
who mainly pioneered this knowledge. The world’s first microbiologist (at
least whose works were recorded and preserved), living thousands of years
ago, he was a great sage of the Atharva Veda. His descendants Atri,
Yamadagni, and Agasti, took his work further. They were beginning to
describe different morphologies of microbes that affect humans, plants, and
other animals, and what ecotypes they are most commonly found in. They
warned that if these microbes contaminate water or food, consuming it can
then cause the associated disease. The Vedas also warned that hygiene must
be applied not only to humans’ bodies, but also to containers before reuse,
since reusing unwashed containers caused illness among people. Rishi
Badarayana (not descended from Kanva but independent) was a great
contributor too, and made advances in the use of antimicrobial herbs,
essentially beginning to develop the first antibiotics. European scientists
did not catch up to their level of microbiological knowledge until the late
1600s or early 1700s C.E., arguably even the end of the 1800s, thousands of
years later.
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IV { The Vaisheshika sutras of Kanada, 2nd Edition, Translator:
Nandalal Sinha (1923); Editor: BD Basu;}---The philosophy in Vaiseshika
sutra is atomistic pluralism, states Jayatilleke. Its ideas are known for
its contributions to "inductive inference", and often coupled with the
"deductive logic" of the sister school of Hinduism called the Nyaya. James
Thrower and others call Vaiśeṣika philosophy to be naturalism.
The text states:
There are nine constituents of realities: four classes of atoms (earth,
water, fire and air), space (akasha), time (kāla), direction (disha),
infinity of souls (Atman), mind (manas).
Every object of creation is made of atoms (parmanu) which in turn connect
with each other to form molecules (anu). Atoms are eternal, and their
combinations constitute the empirical material world.
Individual souls are eternal and pervade material body for a time.
There are six categories (padārtha) of experience — substance, quality,
activity, generality, particularity, and inherence.
Several traits of substances (dravya) are given as color, taste, smell,
touch, number, size, the separate, coupling and uncoupling, priority and
posterity, comprehension, pleasure and pain, attraction and revulsion, and
wishes. Like many foundational texts of classical schools of Hindu
philosophy, God is not mentioned in the sutra, and the text is non-theistic
Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
V https://youtu.be/goMuN6CbZpU Pl hear this 30 min video
on Kanadha sutras.
K Rajaram IRS 10 9 24
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Q2 How long can the human body solely survive on just water?
KR: It has different angles of approach 1 survival in water 2
survival only with water. Now:
1 The survival of individuals over water, particularly in emergency
situations such as maritime accidents or plane crashes, has been documented
extensively through various historical events and survival stories. Here
are some notable examples and key aspects related to survival over water:
Historical Examples
Charles Darwin (1835):HMS Beagle: During the voyage of the HMS Beagle,
Darwin and his crew faced numerous challenges at sea. Darwin himself
survived a difficult voyage and made significant contributions to the
understanding of natural selection.
The Sinking of the Titanic (1912):Survivors: The RMS Titanic sank after
hitting an iceberg, and many passengers had to survive in lifeboats or in
the icy waters. The tragic event highlighted the importance of lifeboat
drills and better safety regulations.
Adrift (1951):Steve Callahan: After his sailboat sank, Callahan survived
for 76 days adrift in a life raft in the Atlantic Ocean. His experience is
documented in his book "Adrift," which provides insights into survival
strategies and the psychological challenges of being lost at sea.
The Apollo 11 Splashdown (1969):NASA Astronauts: The Apollo 11 mission
ended with a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean. The astronauts were recovered
safely by the recovery ship, highlighting the effectiveness of post-space
mission recovery operations.
Key Survival StrategiesPreparation and Equipment:
Life Jackets: Wearing a life jacket significantly increases chances of
survival by keeping individuals afloat and providing buoyancy.
Life Rafts: Equipped with supplies like water, food, and signaling devices,
life rafts are crucial for long-term survival.
Signaling for Help:Distress Signals: Using flares, emergency beacons, and
radios can greatly increase the chances of being rescued.
Reflective Devices: Items that reflect sunlight can help in signaling for
help during daylight.
Water and Food:Water Purification: Collecting rainwater or using
desalination devices is vital, as drinking seawater can be harmful.
Food Supplies: Emergency rations and fishing can provide sustenance.
Survival Techniques:Conservation of Energy: Limiting physical exertion
helps conserve energy and reduces the risk of hypothermia.
Navigation and Orientation: Understanding how to navigate using the sun and
stars can aid in improving chances of rescue.
Psychological Resilience:Mental Fortitude: Staying calm and maintaining
hope are crucial for survival, as stress and panic can impair
decision-making and physical performance.
Modern Developments Advances in Technology:
GPS and Satellite Tracking: Modern technology allows for better tracking of
individuals lost at sea, improving rescue operations.
Survival Training: Increased awareness and training in survival techniques
are more accessible to individuals who work or travel in maritime
environments.
Search and Rescue Operations: Enhanced Coordination: International
cooperation and advanced search techniques, such as aerial and underwater
drones, have improved the effectiveness of rescue missions.
Survival over water continues to be a critical area of focus for both
safety measures and individual preparedness. The combination of effective
equipment, strategic planning, and psychological resilience plays a vital
role in increasing the chances of survival in such challenging situations.
2 Water-Only Fasts: (facts) General Duration: Generally, without
food but with water, individuals might survive between 1 to 2 months,
depending on their initial health and body fat reserves. The body uses fat
stores for energy, but the lack of essential nutrients eventually leads to
severe malnutrition and organ failure.
Key Factors Influencing Survival Body Fat and Health:
Fat Reserves: People with higher body fat reserves can survive longer
periods without food, as the body uses fat for energy.
Overall, Health: Pre-existing health conditions can significantly impact
survival time. Those in poor health or with nutrient deficiencies may have
a reduced survival time.
Hydration: Critical Role: While water is essential for life, it cannot
replace the need for nutrients. Dehydration is less of a concern with a
water-only fast but can still be an issue if water intake is insufficient.
Medical Supervision: Importance: Extended periods without food should be
undertaken only under medical supervision to monitor health and prevent
complications. Medical supervision ensures that the individual receives
necessary vitamins and minerals to prevent deficiencies.
Environmental Conditions: Climate and Conditions: Extreme temperatures or
physical exertion can impact survival time. For instance, colder
environments might lead to faster depletion of body fat and increased risk
of hypothermia.
KR: Longest Fasting in India
Prahlad Jani (India): Claim: Prahlad Jani, an Indian yogi, claimed to have
lived without food and water for several decades. He reported fasting for
over 70 years, surviving only on air and sunlight, though these claims have
not been scientifically validated. His case has been studied in clinical
settings, but the results have been controversial and inconclusive.
Swami Ramdev (India): Fasting for Health and Awareness: Swami Ramdev, a
prominent yoga guru, has undertaken several extended fasts for health and
social causes. For instance, he fasted for 7 days to promote awareness
about health and wellness.
Longest Fasting in the World
Angus Barbieri (Scotland, 1965): Extended Medical Fast: Angus Barbieri
holds one of the longest medically supervised fasts on record. He fasted
for 382 days, consuming only water, tea, coffee, and vitamin supplements.
This fasting was closely monitored by medical professionals to ensure his
health and safety.
Andreas Moritz (Germany): Fasting for Health: Andreas Moritz undertook a
20-day water fast, which he documented in his writings on health and
detoxification. This is a notable example of prolonged fasting undertaken
for health reasons.
SO, IT DEPENDS UPON ON OTHER FACTORS.
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Q3 What are the most fascinating science facts?
Kr Not exactly though maybe they are to some; but Science is full of
fascinating facts that can both inspire and astound. Here are some
intriguing science facts across various fields:
Physics and Astronomy
Speed of Light: Constant Speed: The speed of light in a vacuum is
approximately 299,792 kilometers per second (186,282 miles per second).
This is a universal constant and is the fastest speed possible in the
universe.
Black Holes: Event Horizon: Black holes are regions in space where the
gravitational pull is so strong that not even light can escape. The
boundary around a black hole beyond which nothing can return is called the
event horizon.
Neutron Stars: Density: A neutron star, the remnants of a supernova
explosion, is incredibly dense. Just a sugar-cube-sized amount of
neutron-star material would weigh about 100 million tons on Earth.
Human Genome: Genetic Similarity: Humans share about 99.9% of their DNA
with every other human. The remaining 0.1% accounts for the genetic
diversity that makes each individual unique.
Immune System: Memory Cells: The immune system has memory cells that
remember pathogens from previous infections, which allows it to mount a
faster and more effective response if the pathogen is encountered again.
Photosynthesis Efficiency: Energy Conversion: Plants convert sunlight into
chemical energy through photosynthesis with an efficiency of about 1-2%.
This process is vital for life on Earth as it provides the oxygen we
breathe and the food we eat.
Chemistry and Materials Water's Density: Maximum Density: Water reaches
its maximum density at around 4°C (39°F). As it cools further towards
freezing, it becomes less dense, which is why ice floats on water.
Superconductors: Zero Resistance: Superconductors are materials that can
conduct electricity without resistance below a certain temperature, leading
to zero energy loss. This phenomenon is used in MRI machines and could
revolutionize power grids in the future.
Earth and Environmental Science Earth's Core: Composition: The Earth's
core is primarily composed of iron and nickel and is divided into a solid
inner core and a liquid outer core. The movement of the molten outer core
generates the Earth's magnetic field.
Ozone Layer: UV Protection: The ozone layer in the Earth's stratosphere
absorbs and scatters ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, protecting
living organisms from harmful UV rays that can cause skin cancer and other
health issues.
Technology and Computing Quantum Computing: Superposition and
Entanglement: Quantum computers use quantum bits (qubits) that can
represent multiple states simultaneously due to superposition. They also
exploit quantum entanglement, where qubits become interlinked, allowing
them to perform complex calculations much faster than classical computers.
Internet Data Transmission: Speed: Data on the internet travels at nearly
the speed of light in fiber-optic cables. However, latency can be affected
by the distance data must travel and the number of network hops it makes.
Miscellaneous
Tardigrades: Extreme Survivors: Tardigrades, or water bears, are
microscopic animals known for their ability to survive extreme conditions,
including the vacuum of space, extreme temperatures, and high radiation
levels.
Antimatter: Energy Production: Antimatter is the counterpart to ordinary
matter. When particles of matter and antimatter collide, they annihilate
each other and release energy according to Einstein's equation E=mc2
Q5 What is the scientific explanation for the origin of life on Earth?
Is it believed to have started in water or on land?
KR: The origin of Earth is a topic explored through several scientific
theories and evidence. The prevailing model for the formation of Earth is
based on the nebular hypothesis, which is part of the broader theory of
planetary formation. Here's an overview of the most widely accepted
scientific understanding of Earth's origin:
1. The Nebular Hypothesis Formation of the Solar System:
Solar Nebula: About 4.6 billion years ago, the Solar System formed from a
giant cloud of gas and dust known as the solar nebula. This cloud collapsed
under its own gravity, possibly triggered by a nearby supernova.
Protoplanetary Disk: As the nebula collapsed, it began to spin and
flattened into a rotating protoplanetary disk with the Sun forming at the
center.
Accretion of Planets: Within this disk, particles of dust and ice stuck
together, forming larger and larger bodies through a process called
accretion. These bodies eventually became planetesimals and protoplanets.
Formation of Earth: One of these protoplanets eventually grew large enough
to become Earth. This process, known as planetary differentiation, involved
the accumulation of material through collisions and gravitational
attraction.
2. Early Earth Differentiation:
Heating and Melting: As Earth accumulated mass, the energy from collisions
and the decay of radioactive elements heated the planet, causing it to
partially melt. This allowed the denser materials (like iron and nickel) to
sink to the center, forming the core, while lighter materials formed the
mantle and crust.
Formation of the Moon: The leading theory for the Moon's origin is the
Giant Impact Hypothesis. It suggests that a Mars-sized body, often called
Theia, collided with the early Earth, and the debris from this impact
eventually coalesced to form the Moon.
3. The Early Atmosphere and Oceans
Atmosphere Formation:
Outgassing: Volcanic activity released gases trapped within Earth’s
interior, including water vapor, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, contributing
to the formation of the early atmosphere.
Water Condensation: As the planet cooled, water vapor in the atmosphere
condensed to form the first oceans. This process likely began around 4
billion years ago.
4. The Origin of Life
Prebiotic Chemistry:
Early Conditions: The early Earth’s conditions—such as the presence of
water, volcanic activity, and a reducing atmosphere—provided an environment
where simple organic molecules could form.
Abiogenesis: The transition from simple organic molecules to complex
molecules and eventually to life forms is known as abiogenesis. The exact
mechanisms of this transition are still an area of active research.
5. Evidence Supporting the Theory
Fossil and Geological Records:
Isotopic Analysis: The study of isotopic ratios in ancient rocks and
meteorites provides clues about the conditions in the early Solar System.
Meteorites: Some meteorites are remnants of the early Solar System and
contain clues about the materials present during the formation of Earth.
Stellar Models: Observations of other star systems and protoplanetary disks
help scientists understand the processes that led to the formation of Earth
and other planets.
K Rajaram IRS 10 9 24
---------- Forwarded message ---------
From: 'gopala krishnan' via iyer123 <[email protected]>
Date: Tue, 10 Sept 2024 at 19:05
Subject: [iyer123] CULTURAL QA 09-2024-10
To: Iyer <[email protected]>
CULTURAL QA 09-2024-10
Science of every day-Base Quora QA-Compiled
Q1 Who discovered the cell?
A1 Ambreesh K M ,M.Sc. in Zoology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh
University (Graduated 2020)Sat
The cell was first discovered by British scientist Robert Hooke in 1665.
Using a microscope he designed himself, Hooke examined thin slices of cork
and observed small, honeycomb-like structures, which he termed "cells."
This term is derived from the Latin word cellula, meaning "small room,"
reflecting the resemblance of these structures to the living quarters of
monks.
Hooke's observations were significant, but he did not understand the true
nature of these "cells," as he only saw the cell walls and not the internal
components. His work laid the groundwork for later discoveries in cell
biology, including those by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, who, shortly after
Hooke, used more advanced microscopes to observe living cells and
microorganisms
The foundational ideas about cells were later developed into the cell
theory by scientists like Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden in
the 1830s, establishing that all living organisms are composed of cells.
Q2 How long can the human body solely survive on just water?
A2 Melanie Granger, Health and Nutrition Specialist Jul 11
Being completely dependent on water for survival is very taxing on the
body, so you should avoid doing so unless absolutely necessary. Here’s a
basic concept, though the precise length can vary based on things including
an individual’s health, body fat, and environment:
For optimal functioning, the human body needs more than just water. Vital
nutrients, vitamins, and minerals that are necessary for life are found in
food. Your body begins to degrade its own tissues in the absence of these
to maintain the functionality of essential organs. A person may survive for
one to two months without eating on average, however if all they’re
drinking is water, this time frame may be shortened. For energy, the body
first consumes fat and glucose that have been stored. Muscle and other
tissues begin to break down as soon as these resources are exhausted. Organ
failure and other serious health issues may result from this.
Most people would experience major health problems after going without food
for around three weeks, even with water. Here are several phases that your
body may experience:
First Few Days: You’d start to feel hungry and weak. Your body starts using
stored glucose for energy.
After a Week: You may not feel as hungry, but you’d feel fatigued, dizzy,
and cold as your body switches to fat burning mode.
After Two Weeks: You might experience severe muscle loss, weakness, and
possible immune system suppression. Three Weeks and Beyond: Your body
starts breaking down organs to survive, which can be potentially
life-threatening.
It is crucial to realize that extended fasting without medical care carries
significant risks. It is imperative that you get aid as quickly as possible
if you ever find yourself in a position where food isn’t available.
The secret to being healthy is to take care of your body by making sure it
gets the nutrition it needs and by drinking plenty of water. It’s wise to
speak with a healthcare provider if you have any questions about fasting or
are thinking about making dietary modifications.
Q3 What are the most fascinating science facts?
A3 Rizmi Rahaman, I document the dynamics of life's code to death's
mystery Jul 4
Fascinating science facts can come from many fields of study. Here are a
few that cover the mind-blowing, the strange, and the just plain cool:
Our planet Earth is teeming with life, even in the most unexpected places.
A teaspoon of soil can contain more organisms than there are people on
Earth!
We share our world with some incredibly strong creatures. Ants, for
example, can carry 50 times their own body weight! This is because their
muscles are thicker, relative to their size, than those of even humans.
The human body is a complex and amazing machine. Did you know that the
adult human body has around 37 trillion cells? That's 37,000,000,000,000!
Space is full of mind-boggling phenomena. A black hole has such a strong
gravitational pull that not even light can escape it!
Our own star, the Sun, is a powerhouse. It takes a photon of light a
whopping 40,000 years to travel from the sun's core to its surface, but
only 8 minutes to travel the remaining 93 million miles to Earth.
Q4 What are the weirdest experiments performed throughout history?
A4 Mohan Choudhary, Knows a bit of history Aug 29
Evan O'Neill Kane, an American surgeon, he performed a surgery on his own
body.
He was laid out on the operation table waiting for his surgery to treat
acute appendicitis in February 1921.
He wanted to do the surgery himself. The hospital staff had no choice but
to let him do it because he was the hospital's chief surgeon at the time.
Kane propped himself up, gave himself a massive dose of anesthesia (drug to
desensitise ), and cheerfully began slicing away at his abdomen because he
wanted to see if it was possible to perform surgery on oneself with only a
local anesthetic.
The sight of his own exposed internal organs didn't seem to phase Kane at
all. In fact, when a chunk of his intestines fell out of the wound he
simply pushed them back in and carried on with the surgery.
The whole thing took about 30 minutes, but the sloppy surgeon calmly said
that he could have done it faster if the other staff members hadn't been so
excited to see a 60-year-old man cutting himself open.
Insane. Isn't it?
Q5 What is the scientific explanation for the origin of life on Earth?
Is it believed to have started in water or on land?
A5 Scott Spangenberg, We're all living here together. Jul 8
This question intrigued me, because I have no ideal and never really
thought of it, so I went investigating.
There is evidence that life began in the ocean at least 3.5 billion years
ago, but there is no consensus on the exact environment. Some scientists
think that life may have originated near deep sea hydrothermal vents, which
are located at the meeting points of tectonic plates and are created by
heat from the Earth's inner core pushing through the crust. These vents are
hot, dark, and oxygen-free, and they provide energy and chemicals that
could have fueled the chemical reactions necessary for life to evolve. For
example, research shows that these vents create hydrocarbons, which are
essential molecules for all life on Earth. NASA astrobiologist Laurie Barge
and her colleagues have also shown in laboratory experiments that amino
acids, the building blocks of proteins, could have formed near alkaline
vents.
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