While I don't know what exact solr image you use I can tell you this: 1. The command of your dockerfile probably starts solr. A Docker container will automatically shutdown if the process that was started by it's command is killed. Meaning you should never 'restart' a process in a container, but restart the container as a whole. 2. You need to make sure your solrconfig.xml is under a docker volume of some kind. If it is not, your changes will not take effect since after the container restart the solrconfig.xml will revert to the version that is in the image.
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