and again it works, but I can't help feeling it is an abuse of the class
mechanism to do this.
What do folks think? Is there a better way?
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pple, .49. star market
Then what you want to do is change data to a list of strings rather than
a list of tuples. Before appending to data, you join the tuple ("apple",
"0.49", "market") like so:
data.append(", ".join(L) + "\n") # note newline at the end of each line
Then, after you have appended ALL the lines, you open your file once for
writing, and write data in one go:
f.writelines(data)
Hope this helps.
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On Fri, 30 Dec 2005 21:08:29 -0800, Raymond Hettinger wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> I was playing around with simple memoization and came up with something
>> like this:
[snip]
> Try something like this:
>
> def func(x, _cache={}):
> if x in
't have to declare it.
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On Sat, 31 Dec 2005 21:21:29 +, Dennis Lee Bieber wrote:
> On Sat, 31 Dec 2005 11:37:38 +1100, Steven D'Aprano
> <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> declaimed the following in
> comp.lang.python:
>
>>
>> Do you mean something like this?
>>
>> # Module care_
56**2 + 66*256 + 64
100
>>> A.tostring()
'\x0fB@'
The reverse transformation is just as easy:
>>> A = array.array('b', "\x0fB@") # initialise from a byte string
>>> n = 0L
>>> for b in A:
... n = n << 8 | b
...
>>> n
100L
And of course these can be turned into functions.
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attribute "height" to myClass, and want to work out the mean
height, you would need a second function to do it.
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tations. You, as the author, aren't
responsible for the wrong-headed frames that many readers will bring
to the article, but you should be aware of them and work around them if
you can.
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51057434082
>>> timefact(30) # ten times bigger
4255.2370519638062
Keep in mind, if you are calculating the hypergeometric probabilities
using raw factorials, you are doing way too much work.
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On Sun, 01 Jan 2006 06:09:14 -0500, Dan Sommers wrote:
> On Sun, 01 Jan 2006 18:06:10 +1100,
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>> I don't want to nit-pick all my way through the article, which is very
>> decent and is worth reading, but I wil
thon is not suited for a particular job, then we would not
be doing anyone any favours to push Python for that job. I'm worried
about people who pre-judging (as in prejudice) Python negatively on the
basis of buzzwords they barely understand.
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taneous write access to a file.
What problem are you trying to solve by having simultaneous writes to the
same file? Perhaps there is another way.
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s... your disk is full... am I close?
*wink*
> What command is there to zip files in Windows? Or is there any other problem ?
What happens if you call up a Windows command prompt and type zip at the
prompt?
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a pig?"
The moral of the story is, before spending time working on some scheme to
save CPU time, you better be absolutely sure that firstly, you are going
to save CPU time, secondly, that it is enough CPU time to be worth saving,
and thirdly, that you aren't wasting more of your own time to do it.
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) or using static
> variables. Mutable OO-singletons are not less harmfull than good old
> globals.
Now that you mention it, how obvious it is. That is good thinking,
thanks.
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On Sun, 01 Jan 2006 14:24:39 -0800, Raven wrote:
> Thanks Steven for your very interesting post.
>
> This was a critical instance from my problem:
>
>>>>from scipy import comb
>>>> comb(14354,174)
> inf
Curious. It wouldn't surprise me if scipy
reasoning about the afterlife. Life is a process, not a thing --
when a clock runs down and stops ticking, there is no essence of ticking
that keeps going, the gears just stop. When I stop walking, there is no
spirit of walk that survives me coming to a halt. I just stop walking.
--
ndentation and numeric literals, but also string literals,
keywords, operators, and anything else. Using compression and
error-correcting codes should mean that your Python scripts will then be
safe from absolutely anything short of deleting the entire file -- and for
that, you have backups.
--
St
improvement of error-full code.
Writing error-free code *the first time* is hard. One wonders how many
edit-compile-test cycles it takes to get these millions of lines of
error-free code.
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ule and list
comprehensions:
>>> foo = []
>>> import copy
>>> multi_foo = [copy.copy(foo) for _ in range(10)]
>>> multi_foo
[[], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], [], []]
>>> multi_foo[5].append(None)
>>> multi_foo
[[], [], [], [], [], [None], [
the higher fees they can charge for
them. In my inexpert opinion, the cause of shortages of experts is more
the fault of the universities than of the professional bodies.
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are intimate enough, exchanging
complex internal data structures, that too could be a basis to consider
the two parts as combined into a larger program.
[end quote]
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On Wed, 04 Jan 2006 14:57:58 +1100, Tim Churches wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>> In particular:
>>
>> http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-faq.html
>>
>> [quote]
>>
>> Q: If a library is released under the GPL (not the
ly see the good parts of our Copyright Act being over-ridden in
de facto (if not de jure).
And for those who don't speak Latin, I mean that having the legal right to
make legal backup copies doesn't help you one bit if the Digital
Restrictions Management software prevents those backup copies from
working when you need them.
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the definition of "derivative work"
> above.
I don't have to stretch my imagination even the tiniest bit to see why
program Foo (consisting of code X linked to code Y) is obviously derived
from program Bar consisting of code X on its own.
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# inline version:
# original version:
foo = myObject.something.foo
for i in xrange(10):
foo() # one name space lookup every loop
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ve code, i is a name bound one at a time to the ints [1,2,3].
When you re-assign i to 4, that doesn't change the object 2 into the
object 4, because ints are immutable. Only the name i is rebound to a new
object 4. That doesn't change objects like lst which include 2 inside them.
See this
can not get to them. It has names and objects. Keep thinking
about "call by reference" and you just confuse yourself and others. Think
about names and objects and it is simple and straight-forward.
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Steven D'Aprano wrote:
> On Wed, 04 Jan 2006 10:54:17 -0800, KraftDiner wrote:
>>I though the contents of lst would be modified.. (After reading that
>>'everything' is a refrence.)
>
> See, this confusion is precisely why I get the urge to slap people who
>
ifferent and
doesn't come with any mental frame, so instead of
thinking they understand Python's behaviour, they think
"Call by what now? How does that work?" instead of
making incorrect assumptions.
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Peter Hansen wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>
>> Python does not have references or pointers, except internally where
>> Python coders can not get to them. It has names and objects. Keep
>> thinking
>> about "call by reference" and you just confuse
Mike Meyer wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>
>>On Wed, 04 Jan 2006 10:54:17 -0800, KraftDiner wrote:
>>
>>>I was under the assumption that everything in python was a refrence...
>>>so if I code this:
>>>lst = [1,2,3]
Mike Meyer wrote:
> Peter Hansen <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>
>
>>Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>>
>>>Python does not have references or pointers, except internally where
>>>Python coders can not get to them. It has names and objects. Keep thinking
Mike Meyer wrote:
> The url is http://www.mired.org/home/mwm/try_python/. Reports of
> problems would appreciated.
You're probably already aware of this, but the online help utility
doesn't work. It exits before you can type anything into it:
On Thu, 05 Jan 2006 05:21:24 +, Bryan Olson wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> Mike Meyer wrote:
> [...]
>>> Correct. What's stored in a list is a reference.
>>
>> Nonsense. What is stored in the list is an object.
>
> According to the
difference between CBR and CBV
> when you're passing immutable objects.
Consider this:
def do_nothing(x):
pass
huge_tuple = (None,) * 1**4
do_nothing(huge_tuple)
If Python made a copy of huge_tuple before passing it to the function, you
would notice.
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http:
nclusions about what it means, like they do
with "reference", they will stop and think and if need be look for further
information about Python's object model. At the very least, they won't say
"Everything in Python is a reference, so this should work, but it
doesn't".
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with an API of
function(*iterators [, fill]):
Perform function on one or more iterators, with an optional fill
object.
Of course, this has to be defined in code as:
def function(*iterators, **kwargs):
if kwargs.keys() != ["fill"]:
raise ValueError
...
It might
ions.
The emphasis is on the *object*, not the passing mechanism. In C,
everything is mutable, and whether you can change an item depends on
whether you are working with a reference to that item or a copy of the
item. That's a language issue, not a data issue -- in some language
On Fri, 06 Jan 2006 02:19:29 -0800, bonono wrote:
>
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> I'll tell you what I say: Python passes objects to functions or
>> assignments.
>>
> Which in C sense, is a reference(or pointer) to some opaque "table"
> maintain by
at the start of their code. Will Guido end up re-introducing str.find
to Python 4.0 because people define this in all their code (complete with
deliberately included bug)?
def find(s, target, start=None, end=None):
try:
return s.index(target, start, end)
except:
return -1
On the other hand, there are genuine improvements: apply(f, L) is *much*
better written as f(*L). I don't think anyone will miss apply.
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"patch" became a "minor version upgrade".
> Duh. Next time I use a dictionary before freezing an API!
Can you please explain what you mean by that? Use a dictionary how?
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On Fri, 06 Jan 2006 17:29:32 -0800, Paul Rubin wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>> > Duh. Next time I use a dictionary before freezing an API!
>> Can you please explain what you mean by that? Use a dictionary how?
>
> Use a dictionary by
On Sat, 07 Jan 2006 01:29:46 -0500, Mike Meyer wrote:
> Call by object is the worst choice among the three, because "object"
> has such a vague meaning, so you never know what implications someone
> will come away with.
So very unlike "call by reference", r
.
>
> I'm sorry if you got confused, but please don't project it on
> the rest of the discipline.
Perhaps you should check out the beginning of the thread before making
any additional comments. It wasn't me who was confused and asked "Hey
what's going on? I was
;>> output = os.popen('ls -l').read()
Perhaps the simplest way if subprocess is not available to you is the
commands module. Other possibilities are os.fork, os.execv and the popen2
module. There may be other solutions as well.
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Darren Dale wrote:
> I would like to test that latex is installed on a windows, mac or linux
> machine. What is the best way to do this? This should work:
>
> if os.system('latex -v'):
> print 'please install latex'
>
> but I dont actually want the latex version information to print to screen
Mike Meyer wrote:
> [EMAIL PROTECTED] writes:
>
>> My question is, what reasons are left for leaving the current default
>> equality operator for Py3K, not counting backwards-compatibility?
>> (assume that you have idset and iddict, so explicitness' cost is only
>> two characters, in Guido's examp
Mike Meyer wrote:
> Steven Bethard writes:
>
>> Not to advocate one way or the other, but how often do you use
>> heterogeneous containers?
>
> Pretty much everything I do has heterogenous containers of some sort
> or another.
Sorry, I should have been a lit
David Hirschfield wrote:
> Here's an example that's giving me trouble, I know it won't work, but it
> illustrates what I want to do:
>
> class A(object):
>_v = [1,2,3]
> def _getv(self):
>if self.__class__ == A:
>return self._v
>return super(self.__class__,sel
aurora wrote:
> I have some unicode string with some characters encode using python
> notation like '\n' for LF. I need to convert that to the actual LF
> character. There is a 'unicode_escape' codec that seems to suit my purpose.
>
encoded = u'A\\nA'
decoded = encoded.decode('unicod
.
Should security be defined somewhere?
> So
> without this functionality, how do I target modules to import in other
> directories after program execution has begun?
I'd consider putting your import logic into a module of its own, at
the module-level and not inside a function. Then just call "from importer
import *" in the top level of your code and I think that should meet your
needs.
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lass or part of the instance value is, in
my opinion, not a useful question. The answer depends on which way you
want to look at it.
> 5. The (only?) way to get an object's value is to
> evaluate something (a name or a "reference"(*)
> that refers to the object.
I can't think of any other way to get at an object except by accessing
that object, or even what it would mean if there was such a way.
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oat(x))
> I do it like this because if
> x = "132.15" ...i dont want to modify it. But if
> x = "132.60" ...I want it to become "132.6"
Then you want:
x = float("123.60") # full precision floating point value
r = round(x, 1) # rounded to one decimal place
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On Sat, 14 Jan 2006 04:22:53 +, Donn Cave wrote:
> Quoth Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]>:
> | On Thu, 12 Jan 2006 16:11:53 -0800, rurpy wrote:
> |> It would help if you or someone would answer these
> |> five questions (with something more than "yes
On Fri, 13 Jan 2006 22:20:27 -0800, Mike wrote:
> Thanks everyone. It seems broken storing complex structures as escaped
> strings, but I think I'll take my changes.
Have you read the marshal reference?
http://docs.python.org/lib/module-marshal.html
marshal doesn't store data as escaped strin
;.join(['\0' for i in range(256)])
>>> len(s)
256
>>> len(repr(s))
1026
# one particular mix of both printable and unprintable data
>>> s = ''.join([chr(i) for i in range(256)])
>>> len(s)
256
>>> len(repr(s))
737
# a different mix of both printable and unprintable data
>>> s = '+'.join([chr(i) for i in range(128)])
>>> len(s)
255
>>> len(repr(s))
352
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On Sat, 14 Jan 2006 14:14:01 +, Antoon Pardon wrote:
> On 2006-01-14, Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>> On Thu, 12 Jan 2006 16:11:53 -0800, rurpy wrote:
>>
>>> It would help if you or someone would answer these
>>> five ques
On Sat, 14 Jan 2006 17:33:07 -0500, Mike Meyer wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>> On Sat, 14 Jan 2006 04:22:53 +, Donn Cave wrote:
>>> |> 2. What is the value of object()?
>>> [ I assume you mean, the object returned by object().
the database. Your database
can't automatically suck data structures out of Python's working memory!
So why re-invent the wheel? marshal is not recommended, but if you can
live with the limitations of marshal then it might do the job. But trying
to optimise code that hasn't
ce of bugs:
>>> distance_in_feet = 5
>>> weight_in_milligrams = 5
>>> distance_in_feet == weight_in_milligrams
True
Since when is a distance comparable to a weight, let alone equal?
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On Sat, 14 Jan 2006 18:49:43 -0500, Mike Meyer wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>> object instances are like electrons (note for pedants: in classical
>> physics, not QED): they are all exactly the same, distinguishable only by
>> their posit
ange their
value, some are not. That's no different from having a byte in memory, and
flipping bits. It is the same *byte*, even though the value it has changes.
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On Sat, 14 Jan 2006 23:21:14 -0500, Mike Meyer wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>> Likewise instances of object() have a rich, object-oriented structure --
>> dir(object()) returns a list with twelve items -- but every instance is
>> identi
On Sat, 14 Jan 2006 23:26:40 -0500, Mike Meyer wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>> On Sat, 14 Jan 2006 18:26:41 -0500, Mike Meyer wrote:
>>> If two objects ARE the same value, then they should be the same
>>> object.
>> You a
On Sun, 15 Jan 2006 06:08:43 +, Steve Holden wrote:
> I just wish Mike Meyer and Steven D'Aprano were close enough that you
> could bang their heads together. In the same playground, perhaps? :-)
Well, after such a deeply-reasoned, well-explained refutation of my
position, what c
On Sun, 15 Jan 2006 03:11:27 -0500, Mike Meyer wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>> On Sat, 14 Jan 2006 23:26:40 -0500, Mike Meyer wrote:
>>>> I have no problem with that. Some objects are mutable and can change
>>>> their value
x27;s value
is None" or something else?
None is a singleton, so it is meaningless to ask about two instances of
NoneType. How about this?
>>> class Empty:
... pass
...
>>> id(Empty())
-151107636
>>> type(Empty())
Do two instances of Empty have the same value, or is the question
meaningless?
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that it is fuzzy and depends
on context. Often we want to exclude type (so that 1 and 1.0 have the
same value), we almost always want to exclude identity (so that [1,2] and
[1]+[2] have the same value), but there are enough exceptions to make
things interesting.
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itly report that something is disabled than to
just have it magically appear and disappear).
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step=1):
yield start
while 1:
start += step
yield start
The equivalent generator for a geometric sequence is left as an exercise
for the reader.
If your proposal included support for ranges of characters, I'd be more
interested.
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ttr; raise
> AttributeError
> ...
> >>> A()==B()
> A().__eq__
> B().__eq__
> B().__eq__
> A().__eq__
> A().__coerce__
> B().__coerce__
> A().__cmp__
> B().__cmp__
> False
Why are A().__eq__ and B().__eq__ both being called twice?
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to undermine that.
*shakes head in amazement*
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On Mon, 16 Jan 2006 06:39:48 -0500, Dan Sommers wrote:
> By the principle of least surprise, if dir(some_sobject) contains foo,
> then some_object.foo should *not* raise a NameError.
Good thinking. Yes, it should raise a different exception.
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On Mon, 16 Jan 2006 02:58:39 -0800, Paul Rubin wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>> For finite sequences, your proposal adds nothing new to existing
>> solutions like range and xrange.
>
> Oh come on, [5,4,..0] is much easier to read than ra
Larry Hastings wrote:
> Of course, it's not the most important thing in the world--after all,
> I'm the first person to even *notice*, right? But it seems a shame
> that
> one can break the build so easily. If it pleases the stewards of
> Python, I would be happy to submit patches that fix the no
On Mon, 16 Jan 2006 21:18:35 +, Bengt Richter wrote:
> On Mon, 16 Jan 2006 21:58:26 +1100, Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>>On Mon, 16 Jan 2006 10:34:40 +, Bengt Richter wrote:
>>
>>> >>> class A:
>>> ...
Is Your Friend:
http://www.diycalculator.com/popup-m-round.shtml
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e integer 1 or
the real number 1, are unlikely to write 1**0.5,
prefering the squareroot symbol.
For the rest of us, including applied mathematicians,
1**0.5 implies floating point, which implies the
correct answer is 1.0.
So I don't really know what point you are making. What
solution(s) for 1**0.5 were you expecting?
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Antoon Pardon wrote:
> Why don't we give slices more functionality and use them.
> These are a number of ideas I had. (These are python3k ideas)
>
> 1) Make slices iterables. (No more need for (x)range)
>
> 2) Use a bottom and stop variable as default for the start and
>stop attribute. top wo
Paul Rubin wrote:
> Hmm,
>
>x[a][b][c][d] = e# x is a "magic" dict
>
> becomes
>
>x.setdefault(a,{}).setdefault(b,{}).setdefault(c,{})[d] = e
>
> if I understand correctly. Ugh.
Agreed. I really hope that Python 3.0 applies Raymond Hettinger's
suggestion "Improved default value
Gregory Petrosyan wrote:
> Hey guys, this proposal has already been rejected (it is the PEP 204).
No, this is a subtly different proposal. Antoon is proposing *slice*
literals, not *range* literals. Note that "confusion between ranges and
slice syntax" was one of the reasons for rejection of `
Steve Holden wrote:
> Steven Bethard wrote:
>> Agreed. I really hope that Python 3.0 applies Raymond Hettinger's
>> suggestion "Improved default value logic for Dictionaries" from
>> http://wiki.python.org/moin/Python3%2e0Suggestions
>>
>> Th
On Tue, 17 Jan 2006 18:00:00 -0700, Steven Bethard wrote:
> Steve Holden wrote:
>> Steven Bethard wrote:
>>> Agreed. I really hope that Python 3.0 applies Raymond Hettinger's
>>> suggestion "Improved default value logic for Dictionaries" from
&g
or:
raise
else:
do_this()
Or even simpler:
int(var)
do_this()
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ess you
explicitly uses complex numbers. That's the best behaviour for the
majority of people: most people don't even know what complex numbers are,
let alone want to deal with them in their code. Python, after all, is not
Mathematica.
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preferred status, it sounds like a good move to me.
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Alex Martelli wrote:
> Tom Anderson <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>> Sounds good. More generally, i'd be more than happy to get rid of list
>> comprehensions, letting people use list(genexp) instead. That would
>> obviously be a Py3k thing, though.
>
> I fully agree, but the BDFL has already (tentat
Steven Bethard wrote:
> Agreed. I really hope that Python 3.0 applies Raymond Hettinger's
> suggestion "Improved default value logic for Dictionaries" from
> http://wiki.python.org/moin/Python3%2e0Suggestions
>
> This would allow you to make the setdef
ut the BDFL has already (tentatively, I hope)
> Pronounced that the [...] form will stay in Py3K as syntax sugar for
> list(...). I find that to be a truly hateful prospect, but that's the
> prospect:-(.
Steven Bethard wrote:
> I'm not sure I find it truly hateful, but definitely u
e:
try:
print error_table[value_from_hardware]
except KeyError:
raise CustomHardwareError("Unknown value!")
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que ID of an object, which as an implementation detail may
be the actual memory address, but that's just an implementation detail. In
any case, given a memory address, you can't do anything with that
knowledge.
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o will ;-)
For all three of the people on the Internet who haven't
seen this:
http://www.angryflower.com/bobsqu.gif
And in colour:
http://www.angryflower.com/aposter.html
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ress that distinguishes the two sets.
Doesn't the relevent RFC state that the only way to
determine a valid email address is to send to it and
see if the mail server likes it?
I believe it explicitly warns against validating email
addresses, since you will invariably end up refusing to
accep
nce, it could
> have referred to a metered lot, or to a parking garage
> with time tickets, or even some kind of valet parking.
But a car park can be any one of those things, or
something else such as an unmetered lot.
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Steven Bethard wrote:
> I'm not sure I find it truly hateful, but definitely unnecessary.
> TOOWTDI and all...
TOOWTDI Considered Harmful.
There is confusion between "There's Only One Way To Do
It" and "There's One Obvious Way To Do It". The first
i
Grant Edwards wrote:
> On 2006-01-19, Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>
>>>Typos happen to all of us, but in case you hadn't realized what "it's"
>>>is a contraction for ("it is"), now you do, and you can save
Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> But wait, if you follow the rules on the poster, you'd use an
>> apostrophe for the possive of "it", right?
>
>
> But not if you actually followed the link I intended to send but forgot to:
>
> http://www.angryflower.co
be made of wood or
steel or uphostered springs, be on legs or coasters,
fixed or movable? If it mattered, a good author will
tell you, and if it doesn't matter, it doesn't matter.
I cheer your willingness to look unfamiliar words in
the dictionary, no sarcasm implied, but the dictionary
rarely gives you either context or connotations (see
the difference between describing somebody as wearing
"sensible shoes" and "practical shoes").
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keys.
You don't need to write the code from C, just do it all
in Python:
hash = {}
def summa(i):
global hash
for j in range(i):
hash[j] = j
import sys
summa(sys.argv[1])
Now run the script:
python test.py 10
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