ion is whether that's
> a unary -, which binds lower than exponentiation in most systems,
> or part of the negative number minus 2.
In Python, all numbers are positive. -2 is a unary
minus in front of 2.
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you really telling me that you think this expression:
>
> 2
> -1
>
> Evaluates to -1?
Of course it does. That's why mathematicians use
(-1)^n
for series where the sign of each term alternates,
instead of -1^n which would just give -1, -1, -1, ...
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to define a function to pass to map), and this
> is more readable.
and then, five minutes later in another post, wrote:
> If you're doing heavy functional programming,
> listcomps are tremendously unwieldy compared to
> map et al.
Having a dollar each way I see :-)
--
Steven.
Mike Meyer wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>
>>I don't object to adding sum and product to the language. I don't object
>>to adding zip. I don't object to list comps. Functional, er, functions
>>are a good thing. We should h
Erik Max Francis wrote:
> Ron Adam wrote:
>
>> In this case sum and product fulfill 90% (estimate of course) of
>> reduces use cases. It may actually be as high as 99% for all I know.
>> Or it may be less. Anyone care to try and put a real measurement on it?
>
> Well, reduce covers 100% of th
Erik Max Francis wrote:
> Steven Bethard wrote:
>
>> And it's almost two times slower:
>
> That's because you're not using operator.add.
Huh? Please re-read my post. That's exactly what I used.
STeVe
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of it, i don't
> think it could do roots of imaginary numbers at all. However, python is
> not a calculator.
Of course it is :-)
py> 1+2
3
It even works with complex numbers:
py> print (-1+0j)**0.5
(6.12303176911e-17+1j)
although you have to watch out for those rounding
oat constructed from the string 'inf', float('inf'), may do the
> trick. I don't know the details, though.
>
> >>> 1e100 < float('inf')
> True
This is not guaranteed to work in any Python. It *might* work, depending
on the underlying C library, which is operating system dependent.
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On Tue, 05 Jul 2005 05:03:32 -0700, mcherm wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano writes:
>> Lambda is no more an obscure name than "function", "decorator", "closure",
>> "class", or "module". The first time you come across it, you don&#x
Vibha Tripathi wrote:
> In the Python re.sub(regex, replacement, subject)
> method/function, I need the second argument
> 'replacement' to be another regular expression ( not a
> string) . So when I find a 'certain kind of string' in
> the subject, I can replace it with 'another kind of
> string' (
On Tue, 05 Jul 2005 09:46:41 -0500, Terry Hancock wrote:
> On Tuesday 05 July 2005 08:17 am, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> Sorry, but you are mistaken. "lambda" is a _reserved_ word in the
>> Python language, while "function" etc are not, but they are certainly
= 1 or Inf/Inf = 1.
If I recall correctly, the IEEE standard requires both of those to return
NaN, which is really the only correct thing to do.
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> I hope that any student who didn't understand a word as
> common as "define" wouldn't have graduated from our school.
How about tuple?
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Grant Edwards wrote:
> [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>> So I'd say that it's a pretty obscure name that most people
>> wouldn't know.
>
> I can't believe that anybody with any computer science
> background doesn't know it.
Perhaps this reflects on the quality of education in the United States
;) but
getting rid of it. I personally
> might prefer keeping the feature but using a different keyword.
Best of all would be if lambda was extended to allow
statements, just like a real made-with-def function.
Although, I worry about syntax and readability. But
then I'm not completely comfortable with the existing
lambda syntax either.
And now, I shall say no more on this issue.
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ge case where you didn't discover the error
reasonably soon, but it would be better for leaving the
iterator out of a list comp to remain a syntax error,
rather than produce an unexpected, but legal, object.
Besides, I think Guido should be very cautious about
introducing new features that use punctuation, instead
of keywords. We don't want to become perl do we? :-)
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works, measure how fast it runs. If, and ONLY if, it is too slow,
identify the parts of the program that make it too slow. That means
profiling and timing. Then optimize those parts, and nothing else.
Otherwise, you will be like the car designer trying to speed up his sports
cars by making the seatbelts aerodynamic.
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Terry Hancock wrote:
> And a syntax just occured to me -- what about this:
>
> [y*x for x,y]
>
> ?
>
> (that is:
>
> [ for ]
If you haven't already, see:
http://wiki.python.org/moin/AlternateLambdaSyntax
for other similar proposals.
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Ron Adam wrote:
> Yes, I think a different key word would help. My current favorite
> alternative is to put it in parentheses similar to list comprehensions
> and use "let".
>
> (let x,y return x+y)
If you haven't already, see:
http://wiki.python.org/moin/AlternateLambdaSyntax
for other simi
requires being able to delete a variable.
In summary: del being a keyword works. del() being an object method is
unclear, confusing and complicated.
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from mymodule2 import *
py> a + 1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in ?
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'NoneType' and 'int'
It is bad enough that from module import * can over-write your variables
with the modules' variables, but for it to do so with DELETED variables is
unforgivable.
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aving a thousandth of a millisecond
off a program that takes five seconds to run, I'll get on with development
using the right object for the functionality needed.
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ture optimization: don't even THINK about optimizing code until you
have it WORKING and you have MEASURED that it is too slow.
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Daniel Schüle wrote:
> Removing lamdba would be reduce readability of Python, I think here
> for examble of code like
>
> class App:
>
>
> def drawLines(self, event):
> from random import randint
> r = lambda : randint(1, 100)
> self.canvas.create_line
Steven Bethard wrote:
> If you're really afraid of two lines, write it as:
>
> def r(): randint(1, 100)
>
> This is definitely a bad case for an anonymous function because it's not
> anonymous! You give it a name, r.
This is something I've never understo
ount_records(myRecords, end=myRecords.current)
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l cause widespread
confusion."
[end quote]
There is no unary = operator in Perl, yet, but Larry sees nothing wrong
with the concept of syntax that confuses programmers, or of code which can
be parsed as legal code by Perl even if it can't be displayed on the
developer's computer.
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On Thu, 07 Jul 2005 09:36:24 +, Duncan Booth wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> This is something I've never understood. Why is it bad
>> form to assign an "anonymous function" (an object) to a
>> name?
>
> Because it obfuscates your code for
Ron Adam wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> Er, maybe I'm misunderstanding something here, but surely the most
>> obvious case is for default and special function arguments:
>>
>> def count_records(record_obj, start=0, end=None):
>> if end == None:
Christopher Subich wrote:
> Ron Adam wrote:
>> I think the association of (lambda) to [list_comp] is a nice
>> distinction. Maybe a {dictionary_comp} would make it a complete set. ;-)
>
> Yeah, dictionary comprehensions would be an interesting feature. :)
> Syntax might be a bit unwieldy, thoug
George Sakkis wrote:
> "Steven Bethard" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>> Dict comprehensions were recently rejected:
>> http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0274.html
>> The reason, of course, is that dict comprehensions don't gain you
>> much at
[The HTML version of this Summary is available at
http://www.python.org/dev/summary/2005-06-16_2005-06-30.html]
=
Summary Announcements
=
--
OSCON Registration
--
Though if you haven't yet registered, you've already missed t
Kay Schluehr wrote:
> Well, I want to offer a more radical proposal: why not free squared
> braces from the burden of representing lists at all? It should be
> sufficient to write
>
list()
> list()
>
> After being free one can use them for other purposes e.g. replacing the
> ugly @ decorator
Devan L wrote:
> List comprehensions are faster than generator comprehensions for
> iterating over smaller sequences.
Could you give me an example? For the simple one below, the generator
expression was faster:
$ python -m timeit "for x in (i for i in xrange(10)): y = x"
10 loops, best of 3
quot;Unsupported alignment '%s'" % alignment)
if not len(widths) == len(alignments) == len(fields):
raise 'Argument mismatch'
columns = zip(widths, alignments, fields)
# builds a list of tuple of (width, alignment, field)
L = [] # hold each formatted column as it is built
for column in columns:
L.append(align(*column))
# equivalent to:
# L.append(align(column[0], column[1], column[2]))
return ''.join(L)
Hope this is helpful to you.
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Bengt Richter wrote:
> On Fri, 8 Jul 2005 18:15:37 -0600, Steven Bethard <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>>[The HTML version of this Summary is available at
>>http://www.python.org/dev/summary/2005-06-16_2005-06-30.html]
>
> Not when I just looked, but maybe it takes
Dennis Lee Bieber wrote:
> On Fri, 08 Jul 2005 16:07:50 -0600, Steven Bethard
> <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> declaimed the following in comp.lang.python:
>
>>I only searched a few relatively recent threads in c.l.py, so there are
>>probably more, but it looks to me like the
Devan L wrote:
import timeit
t1 = timeit.Timer('list(i for i in xrange(10))')
t1.timeit()
>
> 27.267753024476576
>
t2 = timeit.Timer('[i for i in xrange(10)]')
t2.timeit()
>
> 15.050426800054197
>
t3 = timeit.Timer('list(i for i in xrange(100))')
t3.timeit()
>
> 117
Raymond Hettinger wrote:
> The root of this discussion has been the observation that a list
> comprehension can be expressed in terms of list() and a generator
> expression.
As George Sakkis already noted, the root of the discussion was actually
the rejection of the dict comprehensions PEP.
> Ho
try:
for i in range(len(L)):
L[i] = 1.0/L[i]
except ZeroDivisionError:
pass
invert(L)
print L
=> [0.333, 0.2, 0, 2, 7, 9]
- Why are you optimizing your code now anyway? Get it working the simplest
way FIRST, then _time_ how long it runs. Then, if and only if it needs to
be faster, should you worry about optimizing. The simplest way will often
be try...except blocks.
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Raymond Hettinger wrote:
> [Steven Bethard]
>
>>I would hope that in Python 3.0 list comprehensions and generator
>>expressions would be able to share a large amount of implementation, and
>>thus that the speed differences would be much smaller. But maybe not...
>
&g
eption is
no more difficult or unsafe than calling a function that returns a status
flag and a result, but writing the function itself is much easier, with
fewer places for the programmer to make a mistake.
In effect, exceptions allow the Python programmer to concentrate on his
actual program, rather than be responsible for building error-handling
infrastructure into every function. Python supplies that infrastructure
for you, in the form of exceptions.
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On Sun, 10 Jul 2005 07:20:34 -0700, raptor wrote:
> I think u are wrong.. I think perl is much more exrpressive in
> semantics than Python..
Well, with such great command of natural language as you are displaying,
how could anyone argue with your conclusion?
--
Steven.
--
n inputVector
> allDimensions[0].newAttribute(vector)
> File "Memory.py", line 56, in newAttribute
> dist = self.distance(n.getCenter,newElement)
> File "Memory.py", line 76, in distance
> dist = dist + pow((element1[n] - element2[n]),2)
> TypeError: unsubscriptable object
Firstly, you seem to have a lot of modules there. What happens when you
call distance directly? Can you get it to work then?
Secondly, what are the values for element1 and element2?
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tanding your post than
you put in writing it.
As they say, be strict when sending and tolerant when receiving. I'm all
for that. But when people insist on sending broken packets, I see nothing
rude about bouncing those packets back with a error message or a creative
misunderstanding.
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== dictC # calls dictB.__eq__(dictC)
False
Two dicts are equal if they have the same keys and the same values.
In general, you should not call __eq__ directly, but use the == operator
instead.
Likewise:
x > y becomes x.__gt__(y)
x < y becomes x.__lt__(y)
x >= y becomes x.__ge__(y)
x <=
You can't add strings to ints.
> So I try and fix it by doing this:
>
> query[count]=`query[count]`+i[2]+"="+i[3]+", "
That is functionally equivalent to your first version.
> Can someone please point me in the right direction I am sure that the
> `query[count]` is causing the backslashes.
I doubt it very much. But you can test it by adding some print lines in
your code: change this:
qval=`query[count]`
query[count]=qval+i[2]+"="+i[3]+", "
to this:
print "Count is: ", count
print "query[count] is: ", query[count]
qval=`query[count]`
print "qval is: ", qval
query[count]=qval+i[2]+"="+i[3]+", "
print "query[count] changed.\nNew value is: ", query[count]
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eeping the disadvantages.
In any case, writing masses of boilerplate code is a drain on programmer
productivity, and a frequent cause of bugs. Boilerplate code should be
avoided whenever you can.
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dictA, dictB)
1
py> cmp(dictA.items(), dictB.items())
-1
My second thought was that comparison is implemented by first comparing
keys, then values, ie cmp(dictA, dictB) turns into:
order = cmp(dictA.keys(), dictB.keys())
if order == 0: # keys are equal
order = cmp(dictA.values(), dict
Replying to myself... how sad.
On Tue, 12 Jul 2005 15:41:46 +1000, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
> That wasn't clear from his post at all. If he had explained what he
> wanted, I wouldn't have wasted my time explaining what he already knew.
On reading it, that came across more s
oo)
... def bar(self):
... return 1 # just ignore the value of self
...
>>> E.foo()
1
>>> e = E()
>>> e.bar()
1
What are some usage cases for using Class.StaticMethod() instead of
instance.method()? Everything I've read seems to just assume that t
nt is careful encapsulation and design, so you
can make significant implementation changes without needing to throw away
your work. (Well, that's the theory.)
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also be nice if that trailing L would disappear.
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strictly necessary, but it is good practice. If your program
dies, the files may not be closed properly and you could end up losing
data.
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Dear me, replying to myself twice in one day...
On Wed, 13 Jul 2005 00:39:14 +1000, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
> Then, if you are concerned that the files really are huge, that is, as big
> or bigger than the free memory your computer has, read and write them in
> chunks:
>
> d
we ever get here, it means we found a collision, and
# flag became True, so the while loop just dropped out
print "Collision!!!"
stop = time.strftime("%H:%M:%S-%m-%d-%y", time.localtime())
print "Stopped at", stop
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o told that Windows uses ctrl-Z as the end-of-file marker, and if
it finds that character in the middle of a text file, it will assume the
file has finished and stop reading. But only in text mode, not binary. I
don't think that's a problem for Linux.
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Alternatively, if you expect a sensible answer, how about asking a
sensible question? You can start by telling us just what it is that you
are comparing to nested functions.
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eed to change a few
things.
Does this help? Is that enough to get started? See how far you get, and
then come back for more help.
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Steven Bethard wrote:
> py> def ge(items):
> ... return (item for item in items if item)
> ...
Bengt Richter wrote:
> >>> dis.dis(ge)
>2 0 LOAD_CONST 1 ( expression> at 02EE4FA0, file "", line 2>)
>3
y heavy hints, but that assumes the poster is capable of getting a
clue.
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cinating. From the pyc page:
"In fact you can use pyc to re-compile your standard library and make it
about 100kB smaller."
Hmmm. Let's see now, Python 2.3.3 on Fedora Core 2:
$ du -hs /usr/lib/python2.3/
88M /usr/lib/python2.3/
Oh joy! So by using pyc, I can save 0.11% of the Python library storage
requirements!
For all I know, pyc is a very useful package, and kudos to the author for
taking the time and effort to develop it. But if this space saving is
"one good reason to use pyc" according to the author, I'm not impressed.
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ekend spent working solidly?
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y you should create 5000 or 3 text
> files.
There is one possible reason: if it is a homework assignment, and creating
all those files is part of the assignment.
(I've seen stupider ideas, but not by much.)
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d to maintain, and frequently a security
risk. These confusing, unsafe practices can usually be avoided by
remembering that functions are first class objects just like ints, strings
and lists.
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[snip]
> To be sure as delimiter I choose chr(127)
> which surely is not present in the html file.
I wouldn't bet my life on that. I've found some weird characters in HTML
files.
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Jacob Page wrote:
> Oye, there's quite a number of set and frozenset features that aren't
> well-documented that I now need to implement. What a fun chore!
It would be a great help if you could submit appropriate documentation
patches for the areas you don't think are well-documented:
http://s
Edvard Majakari wrote:
> Steven Bethard <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>
>>$ python -m timeit "for x in (i for i in xrange(10)): y = x"
>>10 loops, best of 3: 4.75 usec per loop
>
> Yowza! One of the features I really liked in Perl has shored Python islan
what you need, I'm sure somebody will be able to help meet
those needs. Otherwise, we're just guessing what you want.
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ry. I'm looking for all 'combinations' as I
> originally posted. Order does not matter to me... just all possibilities.
That's good, since you only need combinations of "a", "b" and "c" the
lookup table is quite small and manageable. I w
Notice the UNIQUE part? You should have realised that just by looking at
the strings as they were printed. None of them have duplicated digits.
Sampling WITHOUT replacement gives 4*3*2*1 = 24 possibilities, exactly as
your code produces.
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ination in the precise mathematical sense, or the common
English sense?
(Hint: the very first definition Google finds is "a collection of things
that have been combined; an assemblage of separate parts or qualities ".
Not a word there about order mattering or not.)
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On Wed, 13 Jul 2005 20:57:54 -0700, Paul Rubin wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> writes:
>> >>> hex(75)
>> '0x4b'
>> >>> hex(75*256**4)
>> '0x4BL'
>>
>> By accident or design? Apart from
7;'.join( ( chr(i) for i in xrange(256) ) )
with the extra spaces added for clarity.
That is, the brackets after join make the function call, and the nested
brackets make the generator. That, at least, is my understanding.
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On Sat, 16 Jul 2005 16:42:58 -0400, Peter Hansen wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Sat, 16 Jul 2005 10:25:29 -0400, Peter Hansen wrote:
>>>Bengt Richter wrote:
>>>
>>>> >>> identity = ''.join([chr(i) for i in xrange(256)])
>
I thought, oh what a nuisance that the arguments
for maketrans had to include all 256 characters, then I wondered what
error you would get if you left some out, and discovered that you didn't
get an error at all.
That actually disappointed me at the time, because I was looking for
behaviour whe
Replying to myself... this is getting to be a habit.
On Sun, 17 Jul 2005 15:08:12 +1000, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
> I hope that makes sense to you.
That wasn't meant as a snide little dig at Peter, and I'm sorry if anyone
reads it that way. I found myself struggling to
Am I misreading the docs, or is this accidental behaviour that
shouldn't be relied on?
Does anyone use this behaviour, and if so, under what circumstances is it
useful?
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Bengt Richter wrote:
> Thanks for the nudge. Actually, I know about generator expressions, but
> at some point I must have misinterpreted some bug in my code to mean
> that join in particular didn't like generator expression arguments,
> and wanted lists.
I suspect this is bug 905389 [1]:
>>> de
ople trying to turn Python into Perl,
by changing perfectly good, fast, readable pieces of code into
obfuscated one-liners simply out of some perverse desire to optimize for
the sake of optimization.
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tos, not wild, dangerous ones that are out of control.
You can call functions. Functions are implemented at the machine code
level with the assembly language equivalent of a goto.
Or you can tell us what problem you want to solve with a goto, and we'll
tell you the proper way to solve it.
Point the alias to the same hash as the real key.
self.aliases[alias] = hash(key)
def __getitem__(self, key):
return self.data[self.aliases[key]]
def __setitem__(self, key, value):
self.data[self.aliases[key]] = value
The only niggly worry I have is I'm
Hayri ERDENER wrote:
> what is the equivalent of C languages' goto statement in python?
Download the goto module:
http://www.entrian.com/goto/
And you can use goto to your heart's content. And to the horror of all
your friends/coworkers. ;)
STeVe
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rbt wrote:
> Steven Bethard wrote:
>
>>Download the goto module:
>> http://www.entrian.com/goto/
>>And you can use goto to your heart's content. And to the horror of all
>>your friends/coworkers. ;)
>
> Shouldn't that be "to the horror of
se any software that wasn't written using goto. So I'm going to
buy a Windows machine. Do you recommend any anti-virus and anti-spyware
software that's easy to use?"
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Fernando Perez wrote:
> Steven Bethard wrote:
>
>>Download the goto module:
>> http://www.entrian.com/goto/
>>And you can use goto to your heart's content. And to the horror of all
>>your friends/coworkers. ;)
>
> That is actually a _really_ cool p
0 compared COMEFROM 8
11 comefrom COMEFROM 5
12 usingCOMEFROM 1
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one.
This is guaranteed to be unique, no matter what.
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nload application
19 Run installer
20 Reboot
21 Run EdXor
22 Open file
23 Select all
24 Select Format>Wipe Non-ASCII
25 Select Save
26 Quit EdXor
Hmmm. Perhaps not *quite* the easiest way :-)
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Steven.
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roject to
work on out of love?
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Steven.
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the cards are in sorted order."
Bogosort is nothing to be proud of, except as a joke. Put it this way: of
all the many ways to generate a list of permutations, you managed to find
perhaps the least efficient algorithm possible.
This is especially ironic when you think back to your first ques
jb wrote:
> Hi there:
>
> I need help with popen2 usage. I am coding on Windows 2000 environment
> and I am basically trying to run command line executable program that
> accepts command line arguments from user. I want to be able to provide
> these arguments through input pipe so that executable
h
encapsulation is just as bad as too little.
> def my_enumerate(enumerable):
> i = 0
> for elt in enumerable:
> yield (i, elt)
> i += 1
>
> for i, url in my_enumerate(links):
>
> but it's not too bad as it is. Also, my function is completely
>
Do people often use hash() on built-in types? What do you find it useful
for?
How about on custom classes? Can anyone give me some good tips or hints
for writing and using hash functions in Python?
Thank you,
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Steven.
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don't have any
> objections to it being asked here.
>
> If people were to ask what the function signature for enumerate() was
> when that is easy to Google, then I would think they were wasting
> everyone's time.
And on that, I think we can agree!
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Steven.
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ing about Usenet and the Internet is that we can pick each
other's brains for answers, instead of flailing around blindly in manuals
that don't understand the simplest natural language query. And isn't that
why we're here?
Regards,
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Steven.
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's not a bad thing.)
My apologies to Bill specifically, and [shameless
brown-nosing here] thank you to the comp.lang.python
community, which as a whole is far more tolerent than
many other forums I've been on.
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Steven.
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ut there it is. One wouldn't, I
hope, misunderstand "What is the difference between
spaghetti marinara and spaghetti pescatora?" and
attempt to subtract one from the other, since
subtraction is not defined for foodstuffs.
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Steven.
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On Fri, 22 Jul 2005 08:38:28 -0400, Peter Hansen wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> It may shock some people to learn that difference in the sense of
>> mathematical subtraction is not the only meaning of the word, but there
>> it is. One wouldn't, I hope, misund
0x6D):
L.append(chr(n))
print ''.join(L)
or even:
>>> ''.join(map(lambda n: chr(n), (0x73, 0x70, 0x61, 0x6D)))
'spam'
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