Not everything
needs to be a one-liner or a mysterious blackbox.
You could even modify your function to take start and step arguments:
def integers(start=1, step=1):
x = start
while True:
yield x
x += step
for odd in integers(step=2):
print odd
for even in integers(0, 2):
r.
> The idea is to garbage collect the object as soon as possible, and this
> may be sooner than when dosomestuff returns.
What difference does that make? Why do you care when object a is garbage
collected?
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t)
Why are you calling self as if it were a function? Does now.now have a
__call__ method?
> if __name__ == "__main__":
> n = today()
> print "The year is", n.year
I would guess that when you create an instance of class today, somewhere
in that mess of calling the superclass, you have a print statement that
prints the current time and date. That piece of code is being called twice.
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.extend(item.split('_')
You can *almost* do that as a one-liner:
L2 = [item.split('_') for item in mystr.split()]
except that gives a list like this:
[['this', 'NP'], ['is', 'VL'], ['funny', 'JJ']]
which needs flattening.
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al computer with the Apple. IBM's
prediction at a time when everybody thought that computers would cost
billions of dollars and be as large as a house. Trying to credit Microsoft
for the invention of the PC is foolish to the extreme. Microsoft didn't
even exist when the Apple II was bringing computers to ordinary people.
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On Sat, 15 Oct 2005 10:51:41 +0200, Alex Martelli wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>...
>> You can *almost* do that as a one-liner:
>
> No 'almost' about it...
>
>> L2 = [item.split('_') for item in mystr.split()]
looks O(log N) to me,
and quite fast too: about 8 seconds to compare and separate two lists of
one million items each.
The craziest thing is, the amount of time it took to write and test two
different algorithms was probably 1% of the time it would take to hunt up
theoretical discussions of what the big O behaviour of the algorithms
would be.
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r.
No I did not, because I didn't have a function to do it. You've got my
source code. Knock yourself out to use it to test any function you like.
> Supposing the OP had actually sorted
> lists to begin with, then a single, simultaneous walk of the lists would
> be about as fast as it can get. Very, very likely *faster* than
> conversion to sets would be...
Please let us know how you go with that. It should be really interesting
to see how well your prediction copes with the real world.
(Hint: another of those awkward little implementation details... how much
work is being done in C code, and how much in pure Python? Just something
for you to think about. And remember, an O(N) algorithm in Python will be
faster than an O(N**2) algorithm in C... or is that slower?)
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for less than
the same hardware plus Windows. Talk is cheap -- I'm not aware of anyone
who has actually seen these Linux PCs. I'd love to know either way.
(Oh, and since I am in Australia, and we haven't yet been invaded by
Walmart, I can't go and look for myself.)
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petitor.
[1] Or any other part of the rat.
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why are consumers forced to make the choice of
either paying for Windows with their laptop, or no laptop at all?
You will notice that only 30% of servers run Windows (lots of competition
in the server market) and over 90% of desktops (no competition in the
desktop market). Coincidence? I think not.
On Sun, 16 Oct 2005 05:26:51 +, John Bokma wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>
>> On Sun, 16 Oct 2005 00:47:09 +, John Bokma wrote:
>>
>>> Ok, let me spell it out for you: If all your applications are web
>>> b
other software suppliers.
Is it possible for you to get your arguments even more wrong? What's next?
Microsoft invented the transistor?
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practices in *many*
civil suits, and settled out of court many more, plus TWO American DoJ
investigations by two different judges, plus Japan, the EU, and a number
of individual European nations.
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On Sun, 16 Oct 2005 12:54:48 +0200, Fredrik Lundh wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>
>> Microsoft has never made a computer in its existence. Not one.
>
> http://www.microsoft.com/xbox/
Does Microsoft actually make the Xbox or just sub-contract it out?
Either way, y
)...
Or, to put it another way: your student discovered something by running an
experimental test of his code that he would never have learnt in a million
years of analysis of his algorithm: the VAX compiler was very cleverly
optimized.
The fact that your student didn't understand the problem well enough to
craft a good test of it is neither here nor there.
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a single module, this behaviour
>> can cause subtle bugs ?
>
> sure, in the same way as
>
> >>> f = open(filename)
> >>> f.read()
> 'hello world\n'
> >>> f.read() # oops!
> ''
>
> causes subtle bugs (that is, almost never)
Are you saying that the bugs it causes aren't subtle? *wink*
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Right.
Well, I think that's just demonstrated the quality of John's reasoning
ability.
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.
So yet again, your triumph of theory is actually a victory for experiment.
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I was
searching text strings of less than a megabyte, for five or six targets.
The Big O analysis I did was completely, 100% correct, and completely,
100% useless. Not just useless in that it didn't help me, but it actually
hindered me, leading me to waste a day's work needlessly looking for a
se or average case, and
are still perfectly useful.
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all to just ignore the court's rulings as Microsoft has done, and
continues to do. Twenty years ago, Microsoft were the knights in shining
armour going to save Apple Macintosh from the Big Blue evil empire. But
that was then, this is now, and unlike IBM, Microsoft hasn't yet learnt
about ka
"""
for item in L:
if type(item) == list:
multiline_print(item, indent + "")
else:
print indent + "|_" + str(item)
Hope this helps.
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hel. They do different work. Is there
> James> another module which do this kind of job?
>
> from pprint import pprint
> pprint(object)
I don't think that even comes *close* to what James wants.
py> import pprint
py> pprint.pprint([1,2,3,4,[0,1,2], 5])
[1, 2, 3, 4, [0, 1, 2], 5]
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y.
Microsoft is a collection of human beings. They don't get to excuse
anti-social behaviour on the basis that they're only trying to make money.
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tried coming up with better names for your arguments than A and
B? Many people find that using self-documenting variable names helps make
code easier to understand.
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Robin Becker wrote:
> ## my silly example
> class ObserverProperty(property):
> def __init__(self,name,observers=None,validator=None):
> self._name = name
> self._observers = observers or []
> self._validator = validator or (lambda x: x)
> self._pName = '_' + nam
is,
or at least should be, although sadly when we allow the psychopaths to
make the rules, they tend to make rules that allow themselves to prosper
at our expense.
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On Tue, 18 Oct 2005 13:42:21 -0700, Robert Kern wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Mon, 17 Oct 2005 22:23:43 -0700, David Pokorny wrote:
>>
>>>Hi,
>>>
>>>Just wondering if anyone has considered macros for Python. I have one
>>>good use
On Wed, 19 Oct 2005 09:39:48 +0800, James Gan wrote:
> Hi, Steven
>
> :) width parameter do the magic :
>
> >>> pprint.pprint([1,2,3,4,[0,1,2,[3,4]],5], width=1,indent=4)
> [ 1,
> 2,
> 3,
> 4,
> [ 0,
> 1,
>
ariable" as a synonym for "name" when talking about
Python code. Do people think I am wrong to do so?
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[EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> Jason Stitt wrote:
>
>>Using // for 'in' looks really weird, too. It's too bad you can't
>>overload Python's 'in' operator. (Can you? It seems to be hard-coded
>>to iterate through an iterable and look for the value, rather than
>>calling a private method like some other
or the board of directors of a company.
The board of directors are also employees of the company. That's why the
company can fire them.
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Andrew Jaffe wrote:
> Hi,
>
> I have a class with various class-level variables which are used to
> store global state information for all instances of a class. These are
> set by a classmethod as in the following (in reality the setcvar method
> is more complicated than this!):
>
> class sup(
ord):
"""Replace the first word of source with newword."""
return newword + " " + "".join(source.split(None, 1)[1:])
import time
def test():
t = time.time()
for i in range(1):
s = replace_word("aa to become", "/aa/&
n
encouraged when done by small businesses in a competitive market can
easily become harmful and bad for the economy when done by a monopolist or
duopolist in an uncompetitive market.
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On Fri, 21 Oct 2005 21:47:27 -0700, David Schwartz wrote:
>
> "Steven D'Aprano" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
> news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>> That's basic economics. Something which can be allowed or ignored or even
>> encouraged when do
t was just a list I could say
> "sublist = []", what do I use for self defined classes?
See my next post (to follow).
> I Am also
> usure how to go about creating a function that will accept any number
> of parameters.
def func1(*args):
for arg in args:
print arg
def func2(mandatory, *args):
print "Mandatory", mandatory
for arg in args:
print arg
Does that help?
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earch = SearchOneAnd
for source in source_list:
if search(source, height, length, function, kwargs):
found.append(source)
return found
Now pass all_items to SearchAll as the first argument, and it will search
through them all and return a list of all the items which match
- t2
... assert s1 == s2
... print t1, t2
...
py> x = 10
py> tester(x)
3.24212408066 0.01252317428
py> tester(x)
2.58376598358 0.01238489151
py> tester(x)
2.76262307167 0.01474809646
The string formatting is two orders of magnitude faster than the
concatenation. The speed difference becomes even more obvious when you
increase the number of strings being concatenated:
py> tester(x*10)
2888.56399703 0.13130998611
Almost fifty minutes, versus less than a quarter of a second.
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On Sat, 22 Oct 2005 21:05:43 +1000, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
> The thing is, a
> *single* string concatenation is almost certainly more efficient than a
> single string concatenation.
Dagnabit, I meant a single string concatenation is more efficient than a
single string rep
apabilities already built-in that the C programmer has to
create from scratch. For many tasks, Python provides even more
capabilities, in a language that demands less syntax scaffolding to make
things happen. Every line of code you don't have to write not only is a
bug that just can't happen, but it also saves time and labour.
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e
> namespace, and returns that value.
Or something even conceptually simpler than having to muck about with
looking up different namespaces:
class Data:
def __init__(self, obj):
self.value = obj
def __str__(self):
return self.value
temp = Data(5)
L = [temp]
print L
sonal preference.
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goes for companies as
>> well.
>
> I am not saying Microsoft did not know the law. I am saying that no
> rational person could have expected the law to be applied to Microsoft
> that way it was.
No rational person could have expected that Microsoft would be expected
to obey the law? You have a bizarre concept of "rational".
> The law *must* put a person on notice of precisely what
> conduct it prohibits. However, in this case, the law's applicability was
> conditioned on an abritrary and irrational choice of what the relevant
> market was.
Rght.
Because as we all know, micro-controllers for VCRs and desktop PCs are the
same market. If you want to run common business applications like word
processing, book-keeping, web-browsing, etc, you have a free choice
between running those applications on a desktop PC or a VCR.
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ommie pinko
fascist Jew Nazi".
Mike Meyer has got just as much right to live in America as David
Schwartz. Nice to see how quickly Americans' supposed love of freedom
disappears once they are exposed to views that contradict their own.
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order of 500 HOURS.
In other words, yes the char conversion adds some time to the process, but
for large numbers of iterations, it gets swamped by the time taken
repeatedly copying chars over and over again.
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ust
> wandering if there is a better way of doing this.
What do you mean that the file does not appear to be an image? If it works
fine and you can open the image, then what is the problem?
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tements of the form s = s + "abc" and s +=
"abc" are now performed more efficiently in certain circumstances. This
optimization won't be present in other Python implementations such as
Jython, so you shouldn't rely on it; using the join() method of strings is
still recomm
On Sun, 23 Oct 2005 11:43:44 -0700, David Schwartz wrote:
> You are dishonest, lying sack of shit.
And David posts his true colours to the mast at last. When rational
argument and logical thoughts fails, fall back on personal insults.
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ut you state in the very next sentence that
they are.
> And if you go by application, Windows, Linux, and FreeBSD
> are all interchangeable -- there is nothing significant you can do on
> one that you can't do on the other.
Try telling that to a business that needs to do computerised bo
r doesn't actually take
an argument to set the property too. Is that it, or
have a missed a cunningly hidden deeper problem?
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n different orders.
Sorting those two lists should give the same order, correct?
py> L1.sort()
py> L2.sort()
py> L1
[Set([1]), Set([2]), Set([3])]
py> L2
[Set([2]), Set([3]), Set([1])]
Should, but doesn't. Oops. That's a bug.
Personally, I argue that sorting is something th
Alex Martelli wrote:
>
>>>class Base(object)
>>>def getFoo(self): ...
>>>def setFoo(self): ...
>>>foo = property(getFoo, setFoo)
>>>
>>>class Derived(Base):
>>>def getFoo(self):
>>
[snip]
> the solution, in Python 2.4 and earlier, is to use
> one extra
darren kirby wrote:
> quoth the Fredrik Lundh:
>
>>(using either on the output from glob.glob is just plain silly, of course)
>
[snip]
>
> It is things like this that make me wary of posting to this list, either to
> help another, or with my own q's. All I usually want is help with a specific
in turn pass them on to other
functions, you probably shouldn't be using deeply
nested function calls and should be looking for another
program structure.
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o you really think that the regular expression needed to do that would be
maintainable?
I'm also curious, what sort of usage case would need ten thousand
capturing groups? I'd love to see the performance, especially if all ten
thousand of them do backtracking.
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n do something like that.
Choose a different language.
There is no assignment method in Python.
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hose cases, the limit isn't really
arbitrary. In cases of genuinely arbitrary limits, I agree they are
pointless and annoying (as opposed to having a point but still being
annoying).
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On Tue, 25 Oct 2005 06:30:35 -0700, Iain King wrote:
>
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Tue, 25 Oct 2005 05:17:52 -0700, Iain King wrote:
>>
>> >
>> > Fredrik Lundh wrote:
>> >> Joerg Schuster wrote:
>> >>
>> >> > I
huge difference
whether "nuclear bomb in New York" is true or not.
In fact, I'm quite surprised that Antoon should object to "in" as "this
doesn't define a mathematical ordering, the subset relationship does" when
"subset" is just "in&quo
are vendors competing on price and features. Only
those blinded by ideology fail to see the connection.
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But that's the whole point: they *can't* do whatever they want, and
certain behaviours *are* crimes. Just because Microsoft executives wear
business suits instead of torn jeans or dirty sweatshirts doesn't make
them beyond the law.
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al
behaviour began long before OS/2 was even planned. It began in the mid
1970s, with MS DOS.
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e, they aren't
illegal, and even if they are illegal, they shouldn't be."
The first two points are factually wrong, and the third is an opinion
based on the concept, as far as I can see, that Microsoft should be
allowed to do anything they like, even if those actions harm others.
file as a string, try something
like this:
py> s = open('filename', 'r').read()
py> print s
service A = {
params {
dir = "c:\test",
username = "test",
password = "test"
}
}
py> target = 'username = '
py> p1 = s.find(target) + len(target)
py> p2 = s.find(',\n', p1)
py> s = s[:p1] '"J. Random User"' + s[p2:]
That's not good enough for professional code, but it will get you started.
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On Tue, 25 Oct 2005 16:54:13 +, John Wingate wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>> That would be a good guess, except that Microsoft's predatory and illegal
>> behaviour began long before OS/2 was even planned. It began in the mid
>> 197
dig out an old
"What's New" for version 2.2 to find it, hidden away in a section on
iterators:
http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/docs/ActivePython/2.2/whatsnew/2.2/index.html#SECTION00040
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On Tue, 25 Oct 2005 11:51:02 -0700, David Schwartz wrote:
>
> "Steven D'Aprano" <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote in message
> news:[EMAIL PROTECTED]
>
>> The first two points are factually wrong, and the third is an opinion
>> based on the concept,
stupid mistakes like that, by encouraging people to
hit send after they've said the first thing they thought of, without
actually reading through the email to see if there are other issues that
need to be dealt with.
[1] There are no sloths in Borneo.
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Antoon Pardon wrote:
> Christopher Subich schreef :
>
>> Antoon Pardon wrote:
>>> >>>from decimal import Decimal
>>> >>>Zero = Decimal(0)
>>> >>>cmp( ( ) , Zero)
>>> -1
>>> >>>cmp(Zero, 1)
>>> -1
>>> >>>cmp(1, ( ) )
>>> -1
>>
>> I'd argue that the wart here is that cmp doesn't throw an exception,
On Wed, 26 Oct 2005 22:35:33 -0500, Andy Leszczynski wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>
>>
>> Every line = more labour for the developer = more cost and time.
>> Every line = more places for bugs to exist = more cost and time.
>>
>
> The place I work a
is?
Please explain your problem first. In particular, show us the code that
you use that "it (what?) starts accumulating".
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hours = int(t)
t = (t - hours)*60
minutes = int(t)
seconds = (t - minutes)*60
return (hours, minutes, seconds)
def Seconds_HMS(h):
"""Convert time t in seconds to hours minutes seconds."""
hours, t = divmod(t, 60*60)
minutes, seconds = divmod(t, 60)
return (hours, minutes, seconds)
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'item3': 42, 'item4': 'Null',
'item5': 15} as needed.
And I really, really hope this is of no hope whatsoever! ;-)
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o unnecessary local variables, and is not unnecessarily
terse. Unfortunately, it doesn't solve the original poster's problem,
because his file is too big to read into memory all at once -- or so he
tells us.
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pecially
valuable if your files really are huge.
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On Fri, 28 Oct 2005 12:27:36 -0700, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
> hm...Is there a way to get rid of the newline in "print"?
Yes, by using another language *wink*
Or, instead of using print, use sys.stdout.write().
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seq2)) is not quite a null-op,
because some type information is lost, e.g. lists and
strings are converted into tuples.
"""
return zip(*L)
As you can see, the documentation for unzip is longer than the code itself :-)
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handle(f)
finally:
try:
f.close()
except:
print "The file could not be closed; see your sys admin."
except:
print "The file could not be opened."
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On Sat, 29 Oct 2005 16:41:42 -0700, Alex Martelli wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>...
>> I should also point out that for really serious work, the idiom:
>>
>> f = file("parrot")
>> handle(f)
>> f.close()
>&g
ist of valid keywords into another dictionary to
> make it easy to specify default values for all the parameters as well.
Here's a thought... instead of passing a class instance which you access
with obj.name, why not pass a dict which you access with dict[name]?
I don't understand
hat when you change your web form to use "number"
instead of "num", you only have to change your code in one place.
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On Sun, 30 Oct 2005 08:35:12 -0700, Alex Martelli wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>...
>> > Don't ever catch and ``handle'' exceptions in such ways. In particular,
>> > each time you're thinking of writing a bare &#x
Alex Martelli wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano <[EMAIL PROTECTED]> wrote:
>...
>
>>>No. But if you get a totally unexpected exception,
>>
>>I'm more concerned about getting an expected exception -- or more
>>accurately, *missing* an expected exce
David Rasmussen wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>
>> On Fri, 28 Oct 2005 06:22:11 -0700, [EMAIL PROTECTED] wrote:
>>
>>> Which is quite fast. The only problems is that the file might be huge.
>>
>>
>> What *you* call huge and what *Python* calls
thout the need for declaring
variables and/or attributes.
No doubt there will be some who disagree. Let me postscript my comments
with YMMV, and remind folks that even if declarations are the best thing
since the transistor, Python currently doesn't have them and all the
arguing in the world won't change that.
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ine 1, in ?
AttributeError: Example instance has no attribute 'aeg'
Your __getattr__ code is completely unnecessary.
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else:
raise AttributeError("No such attribute.")
Of the two approaches, I would say the second is marginally less of a bad
idea.
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l-style code) it won't work.
__slots__ only work with new-style classes, not classic classes.
Before using __slots__, read this:
http://www.python.org/doc/current/ref/slots.html
Then read this recipe:
http://aspn.activestate.com/ASPN/Cookbook/Python/Recipe/252158
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Alex Hunsley wrote:
> The two main versions I've encountered for data pseudo-hiding
> (encapsulation) in python are:
>
> method 1:
>
> _X - (single underscore) - just cosmetic, a convention to let someone
> know that this data should be private.
>
>
> method 2:
>
> __X - (double unders
onfused and gone here:
http://www.pythonline.com/
And then you might like to point us at a language site or two that your
boss considers "professional".
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ounting bytes -- at least if you
want reliable, accurate counts and not just "number of
frames, plus some file-specific random number". And
heaven help you if you want to support MPEGs that are
slightly broken...
(It has to be said, depending on your ultimate needs,
"close enough" may very well be, um, close enough.)
Good luck!
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George Sakkis wrote:
> - Where do the attributes of a datetime.date instance live if it has
> neither a __dict__ nor __slots__ ?
> - How does dir() determine them ?
py> from datetime import date
py> d = date(2003,1,23)
py> dir(date) == dir(d)
True
py> for attr_name in ['day', 'month', 'year']:
...
me search speeds.
Or forget about manipulating bits, and just store your data as bools in
a list.
Explain your problem a little better, and you may get some better advice.
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than not,
any time you think you want to evaluate strings, you
don't need to.
For instance, instead of passing around the name of the
function as a string:
s = "someFunction"
eval(s)()
you can pass around the function as an object:
s = someFunction # note the lack of brackets
s()
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ible for that.
> Randomness is a deep subject.
This is certainly true. I love the Dilbert cartoon
where Dilbert is on a tour of Accounting. He comes
across a troll sitting at a desk chanting "Nine, nine,
nine, nine, ...". His guide says, "This is our random
number generato
are two possible fixes, either by prohibiting instance variables
> with the same name as class variables, which would allow any reference
> to an instance of the class assign/read the value of the variable. Or
> to only allow class variables to be accessed via the class name itself.
The
even be
markets where Microsoft has *not* been able -- or cared to -- capture a
monopoly. Accounting software comes to mind. But just because Microsoft
did not, or was unable to, illegally squelch competition in one market
does not excuse them for doing so in another.
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A.a.
On the other hand, if this happened:
py> class A:
... a = []
...
py> b = A()
py> b.a.append(None)
py> print b.a, A.a
[None], []
*then* you should be surprised.
(Note that this is not what happens: you get [None], [None] as expected.
The difference is that append modifies the
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