onsibility for fixing the system when it breaks :)
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en than not. So I'd be -1 on automatically inheriting them.
>>
>> However, I'd be +1 easily on a little help from the language to
>> explicitly request to inherit the docstring.
>
> An empty docstring "" could be interpreted as 'ditto' ;-) It
information. If Python does inherit
> docstrings, it can lead to incorrect information.
This is no different from inheriting any other attribute. If your class
inherits "attribute", you might get an invalid value unless you take
steps to ensure it is a valid value. This failure mode doesn't cause us
to prohibit inheritance of attributes.
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#x27;
assert all(cls.__doc__ is None for cls in (A, B, D))
assert all(cls.__doc__ == 'A docstring.' for cls in (C, E, F))
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On Fri, 10 Jun 2011 16:47:03 +, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
> On Thu, 09 Jun 2011 00:22:54 -0600, Eric Snow wrote:
>
>> Sometimes when using class inheritance, I want the overriding methods
>> of the subclass to get the docstring of the matching method in the base
>>
On Fri, 10 Jun 2011 11:01:41 -0600, Eric Snow wrote:
> On Fri, Jun 10, 2011 at 10:47 AM, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
>> Here's some Python 3 code that uses a factory function as a metaclass
>> to inherit docstrings. Give the class a docstring of an empty string,
>>
On Fri, 10 Jun 2011 14:46:06 -0700, Carl Banks wrote:
> On Friday, June 10, 2011 2:51:20 AM UTC-7, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Thu, 09 Jun 2011 20:36:53 -0700, Carl Banks wrote:
>> > Put it this way: if Python doesn't automatically inherit docstrings,
>> >
ck (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
File "", line 9, in __new__
File "", line 5, in get_mro
File "", line 9, in __new__
File "", line 5, in get_mro
File "", line 9, in __new__
File "", line 4, in get_mro
RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded while calling a Python
object
I am utterly perplexed. What's going on here?
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On Sat, 11 Jun 2011 01:33:25 -0400, Terry Reedy wrote:
> On 6/10/2011 11:34 PM, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> I have a metaclass in Python 3.1:
>>
>> class MC1(type):
>> @staticmethod
>> def get_mro(bases):
>> print('get_mro called&
more subtle risk: not all objects have a __dict__. But if you
obey the rule about never updating from arbitrary objects you don't know,
then you won't be surprised by an object with no __dict__.
Other than that, using update is a good trick to have in your toolbox.
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On Sat, 11 Jun 2011 21:28:40 -0500, Andrew Berg wrote:
> On 2011.06.11 09:13 PM, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> A second, more subtle risk: not all objects have a __dict__. But if you
>> obey the rule about never updating from arbitrary objects you don't
>> know, th
rstand your problem. In
general, if you have some bytes, you can decode it into a string by hand:
>>> header = b'To: [email protected]\n'
>>> s = header.decode('ascii')
>>> s
'To: [email protected]\n'
If this is not what you mean, perhaps you should give an example of what
header looks like, what you hope to get, and a concrete example of how it
differs in Python 3.
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pessimation: if it takes you three months to get back up
to speed on a new keyboard layout, you potentially may never make back
that lost time in your entire programming career.
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hy Python use definitions instead of declarations.
>
> It's not either/or. Any language has to provide a way to define
> functions whether or not it provides a way to declare them.
Exactly. Pascal has both; Python only has definitions.
> Anyway, it seems the Python way to dec
mailing list yesterday.
http://code.activestate.com/lists/python-tutor/83236/
Yes, I realise that Tim probably won't see this either. I'm just making a
point.
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On Tue, 14 Jun 2011 01:39:50 +1000, Chris Angelico wrote:
> Python: "Batteries Included".
>
> (Although Python 3 is "Most of the batteries you're used to, included".)
Oh gods, you're not going to bring up sort(cmp=...) again are you????
/me
)
>> | bool(x) -> bool
>> ..
>> I'd welcome comments on this as well.
>
> _ is special to IDLE.
Not just IDLE. Also the vanilla Python command line interpreter. In fact,
you can even find the code that controls it:
help(sys.displayhook)
http://docs.python.or
example given, that's unlikely to be the
bottleneck. But if you want to optimize name lookup, it has to be a local.
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r ints, the "if key in dict" version will usually be
faster. Unless there are lots of missing keys, in which case the version
using dict.get may be faster.
Either way, the difference is unlikely to be significant except for the
tightest of tight loops.
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esent, it is faster to use
try...except. Only if the key is frequently missing does it become faster
to test first.
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th components in a form
independent of the path separator, and only care about the separator when
converting to and from strings.
[...]
> So, I suppose I shall have to let go of my dreams of
>
> --> Path('/some/path/and/file') == '\\some\\path\\and\\file'
To s
these two paths could represent the same location:
'a/b/c:d/e' # on Linux or OS X
'a:b:c/d:e' # on classic Mac pre OS X
and be impossible on Windows. So what's the canonical path it should be
converted to?
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*for* cicle?
How about this?
def compile_alternatives(*args):
alternatives = map(lambda s: '(' + s + ')', args)
alternatives = '|'.join(alternatives)
return re.compile(alternatives)
>>> x = compile_alternatives('spam', 'ham', 'cheese')
>>> x.search('fried egg and spam').group()
'spam'
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On Thu, 16 Jun 2011 09:16:22 -0700, Ethan Furman wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> If Path is intended to be platform independent, then these two paths
>> could represent the same location:
>>
>> 'a/b/c:d/e' # on Linux or OS X
>> 'a:b:c/d:e
g:
# === module extras.py ===
def ham(): pass
def cheese(): pass
def salad(): pass
# === module other.py ===
def spam(): pass
if not some_condition: from extras import *
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xisting uses of the word, e.g.
sys.exit(). Overloading "break" strikes me as disagreeable, but not as
disagreeable as overloading "return" or "in" :)
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ve/v/5H3d1yQN5N15HEgOWHMx
Encouraging-hatred-of-lambdas-for-fun-and-profit-ly y'rs,
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99420166
>>> t_bisect.timeit(number=100)
0.3741610050201416
(For those unfamiliar with timeit, small numbers are faster.)
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On Sat, 18 Jun 2011 12:36:42 +1000, Cameron Simpson wrote:
> On 17Jun2011 06:00, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote: | If we were to have a
> "exit this module early, but without exiting Python | altogether"
> statement, I'd consider "exit" to be the most descript
On Sat, 18 Jun 2011 14:31:51 +1000, Chris Angelico wrote:
> On Sat, Jun 18, 2011 at 1:50 PM, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
>> I don't think the use-case for this is convincing enough to need it,
>> but it's an interesting concept. I once played around with a
>&
(255, 1 + 2 + 16))
> 255
>>>> eval('{:+#0{}b}'.format(-255, 1 + 2 + 16))
> -255
Is this a question? Or did you just decide to share some code?
Please leave enough context so that readers can understand what you are
talking about.
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d the website?
> Either that, or just accept that it cannot be done. Compare the amount
> of effort game developers put into trying to implement tamper-proofing
> in software with how little success they've had.
Exactly.
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)
Three element list: (42, (43, (44, None)))
and so forth. So while you could harmlessly use a slice L[1:], there is
no point, since L[1:] will have at most a single element.
>> def length(L):
>> if not L: return 0
>> return 1 + length(cdr(L))
>
> How is this differ
d, careful, look. As such, I would want to think long and
hard before inflicting it on others by using it myself.
For those unfamiliar with the idea of code smells:
http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Wrong.html
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The last couple of messages on this list show up
fine on the mailman archives, but are empty posts on comp.lang.python. Is
there a problem with the mail -> usenet gateway?
Who controls that?
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On Mon, 20 Jun 2011 16:49:33 +, Peter Pearson wrote:
> On 20 Jun 2011 01:41:44 GMT, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> The last couple of messages on this list show
>> up fine on the mailman archives, but are empty posts on
>> comp.lang.python. Is there a problem with
If your functions are so large that you worry about name clashes between
code in different parts of the one function, the solution is to break
this one huge function into many small functions. That's what functions
are for: to encapsulate a limited amount of reusable functionality into a
#x27;2', '7', '5', '9']
source = ['6', '2', '1', '0']
# add unique items of source to target, keeping the order
tmp = sorted(target)
for item in source:
flag = binary search for item in tmp
if not flag:
insert item in tmp keeping the list sorted
append item to the end of target
del tmp
The bisect module will be useful here.
For small lists, it really doesn't matter what you do. This probably only
matters beyond a few tens of thousands of items.
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e exceptions that could occur in any
> function, by using __exceptions__ (if provided) or recursively finding
> exceptions for all functions called, and doing a set-union.
In general, you can't do this at compile-time, only at runtime. There's
no point inspecting len.__exceptions__ at compile-time if len is a
different function at runtime.
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o change (they don't store their values anywhere, but calculate
them one by one on demand and then immediately forget that value);
* immutable sequences, like tuples, are immutable and cannot be changed
because that's what immutable means;
* mutable sequences like lists can be
On Thu, 23 Jun 2011 09:10 am Neal Becker wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>
>> On Wed, 22 Jun 2011 15:28:23 -0400, Neal Becker wrote:
>>
>>> AFAICT, the python iterator concept only supports readable iterators,
>>> not write. Is this true?
>>
On Thu, 23 Jun 2011 09:30 am Thomas 'PointedEars' Lahn wrote:
> Mel wrote:
>
>> Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>>> I *guess* that what you mean by "writable iterators" is that rebinding e
>>> should change seq in place, i.e. you would expect that s
that particular one. Let everything else propagate.
Good advice.
+1
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lots of
tiny scripts really fast: each invocation of the interpreter requires a
whole lot of imports, which are slow the first time.
(Still, Python's overhead at startup time is nowhere near as expensive as
that of Java... but Java is faster once started up.)
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me__ to '__main__'
instead. So this is a (slightly hacky) way of distinguishing code that
runs when the module is imported from code that runs on execution.
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g takes place, but you've messed up the
line numbers (probably by editing the file after importing it).
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#x27;12')
Decimal('49')
>>>
>>> D('25.624') / D('25')
Decimal('1.0')
The only thing you have to watch out for is this:
>>> D('1.2') == D('1.23') # no rounding
False
>>> D('1.2') == +D('1.23') # force rounding
True
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RRUPTED UPPERCASE WORDS AS SHOUTING LOUDLY --
regardless of the poor design of programming languages in the 60s and 70s.
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about when 1200 is actually 4 significant digits? Or 3?
Then you shouldn't write it as 1200.0. By definition, zeros on the right are
significant. If you don't want zeroes on the right to count, you have to
not show them.
Five sig figures: 1200.0
Four sig figures: 1200
Three sig figur
On Tue, 28 Jun 2011 01:16 pm Chris Angelico wrote:
> On Tue, Jun 28, 2011 at 12:56 PM, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
>> Zero sig figure: 0
>>
>
> Is 0.0 one sig fig or two? (Just vaguely curious. Also curious as to
> whether a zero sig figures value is ever use
hisan wrote:
> Hi All,
> I need to call a function for evry 10 secs
> how can i achieve this in python
import time
while True:
time.sleep(10)
function()
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ents were helpful.
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:
>>> dir(str)
['__add__', '__class__',
... snip 60+ other names ...
'upper', 'zfill']
you can easily filter the results to show only names that interest you, by
passing a glob:
>>> dir(str, '*split*')
['rsplit', '
Tim Chase wrote:
> On 06/30/2011 11:29 PM, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> The dir() function is designed for interactive use, inspecting objects
>> for the names of attributes and methods.
>>
>> Here is an enhanced version that allows you to pass a glob to filter the
nter is at the end of the file, so when you read from it, it
immediately gets EOF (i.e. empty).
>>> from io import BytesIO as B
>>> x = B()
>>> x.write(bytes("hello", 'ascii'))
5
>>> x.read()
b''
But if you seek back to the beginning:
>>> x.seek(0)
0
>>> x.read()
b'hello'
>>>> from mailbox import mbox as Mbx
*raises eyebrow*
Do you need to rename mbox? You don't even save a keypress:
shift-m b x and m b o x both take 4 keypresses.
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e decorator syntax is completely different. It is doing this:
# replace the function roll_die with the output of move, which is a string
roll_die = move(roll_die)
# now try to call "roll_die", actually a string
roll_die()
which is more like:
move(roll_die)()
See the difference?
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.myNum
9
>>> z.__dict__ # No instance attributes yet.
{}
>>> z.clearNum()
>>> z.__dict__ # Now there is one.
{'myNum': 0}
>>> z.__class__.myNum # the class attribute still exists
9
The simplest way to fix this is to move the declaration of self.mySet into
the __init__ method.
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rantingrick wrote:
> Hello fellow programmers, scripters, hackers, and debutantes.
Your ideas are intriguing to me and I wish to subscribe to your newsletter.
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my sympathy.
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module, which may or may not happen to point to
the same object as the other module as well.
>'usingCgi' is the only data variable defined in
It seems to me that your approach here is unnecessarily complex and fragile.
I don't know what problem you are trying to solve, but trying to solve it
by intraspecting differences that aren't differences is surely the wrong
way to do it.
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nk unicorns. And even if we did, we wouldn't want
YOUR idea of the perfect language.
Rick, stop trying to "help" the community with these over-reaching grand
schemes that nobody but you wants, that always involve you telling everyone
else that they have to build the system you think you want. Go do something
useful.
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amir chaouki wrote:
> the problem is when i use the seek function on windows it gives me
> false results
What do you mean "false results"? What does this even mean?
Please show us:
* what you do
* what result you expect
* what result you actually get
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way to do it.
> See my last post...
Yes, but what are you actually *trying to do*? "Detecting data members" is
not an end in itself. Why do you think you need to detect data members?
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l the last window is closed, and no window is privileged
over the others.
Even in Windows, the sort of MDI interface Rick seems to be describing is
less common now than it used to be -- possibly even rare.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_document_interface
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ut
>>> print "Hello world"
dlrow olleH
>>> print "Goodbye cruel world!!!"
!!!dlrow leurc eybdooG
>>> sys.stdout = sys.__stdout__
>>> fake_out.log.getvalue()
'HELLO WORLD\nGOODBYE CRUEL WORLD!!!\n'
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forcing the user to do so. When they need to learn about root windows,
they will in their own good time.
Now, I have an ulterior motive in raising this issue... I can't find the
original article I read! My google-fu has failed me (again...). I don't
suppose anyone can recognise it and
, code and the comments
describing them get out of sync. Quote:
"At Resolver we've found it useful to short-circuit any doubt and just
refer to comments in code as 'lies'. "
--Michael Foord paraphrases Christian Muirhead on python-dev, 2009-03-22
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Corey. My statement has nothing to do with
> sort. sort is just the vehicle. My statement is that the cmp argument
> to sort IS a user defined control structure (the code block to be
> exact).
The cmp argument to sort is not a control structure because it is not a
structure and it does not control the program flow.
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rns me not to add a link, although perhaps it's
> time for recalibration (after all, summer season started) :-)
No! I was serious. I've spent *ages* trying to find the link to the
article... if you know it, please share.
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sal migondis wrote:
> How could a belief be wrong?
I believe you are a small glass of beer. Are you *actually* a small glass of
beer in reality? If so, my belief is right. If you are a human being, then
my belief is wrong.
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, which is different again to the sort of knife is needed by
some guy working in a warehouse unpacking boxes. Different jobs need
different tools.
There is no perfect language because different tasks need different tools,
and any compromise tool that tries to do everything will be weaker than a
specialist tool.
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or! No, it does not
run in the background: it is a foreground app.
An extreme case, but telling. There is no absolute need for any windows at
all, let alone for one privileged window to rule all the others.
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rantingrick wrote:
> On Jul 6, 6:44 am, Steven D'Aprano [email protected]> wrote:
>
>> A control structure is a structure which controls the program flow.
>> Control structures include:
>>
>> * jumps (goto, gosub, comefrom, exceptions, brea
27;d better replace it, then.
(he takes a quick peek behind the counter)
Owner: Sorry squire, I've had a look 'round the back of the shop, and
uh, we're right out of windows.
Customer: I see. I see, I get the picture.
Owner: I got a DOS batch file.
(pause)
Customer: (sweet as sugar) Pray, does it talk?
Owner: Yes.
Customer: Right, I'll have that one then.
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Andrew Berg wrote:
> On 2011.07.06 11:11 AM, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> The Dead Window Sketch
>> ==
> As much as I hate it when people feed trolls, that was pretty funny.
Thanks.
Re the troll-feeding, every few months I get a strange seizure in my b
On 07/06/2011 09:59 AM, Ian Kelly wrote:
On Wed, Jul 6, 2011 at 9:04 AM, Mihai Badoiu wrote:
How do I do interactive plots in python? Say I have to plot f(x) and g(x)
and I want in the plot to be able to click on f and make it disappear. Any
python library that does this?
Matplotlib can be i
eforge.net/faq/howto_faq.html#use-show
Does that answer your question?
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Phlip wrote:
> Note the fix also avoids comparing to None, which, as usual, is also
> icky and less typesafe!
"Typesafe"? Are you trying to make a joke?
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s than initialisation. The blog post I'm looking
for is not about finalizers, but about API design: don't make the caller
give an explicit second activation call if you don't need to.
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object):
def __init__(self):
self.func = function
but now you can't call C.func because it doesn't exist, you have to
initialise an instance first.
> Alternately, how can I achieve what I want, i.e. a class-wide default
> used by all instances created off it, but
> itself be changeable, so that once changed, the changed default would
> be used by subsequent newer instances of that class.
class C(object):
default = staticmethod(function)
def __init__(self):
self.func = type(self).default
ought to do it.
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ously viewing page 303. An alternate UI for to split the one
window into two panes, and scroll them independently. So a single file may
have one or two panes, in one or more windows.
So, you can have multiple documents in multiple windows, and there is no 1:1
relationship between them.
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d for is to ever care about the type of the arguments --
that's just a waste of time, since a fast identity (memory location) test
is sufficient.
This is why I initially thought that Phlip was joking when he suggested
that "m is None" could be type-unsafe. It doesn't matter what type m
has, "m is " will always be perfectly safe.
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()
with open(path, 'rb') as f:
while True:
s = f.read(blocksize)
if not s: break
hash.update(s)
return hash.hexdigest()
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rantingrick wrote:
> On Jul 7, 8:25 pm, Steven D'Aprano [email protected]> wrote:
>> rantingrick wrote:
>> > On Jul 7, 12:34 am, Gregory Ewing wrote:
>> >> The important thing is that it's okay for an app to stay
>> >> ali
Phlip wrote:
> On Jul 8, 12:42 am, Steven D'Aprano [email protected]> wrote:
>> Phlip wrote:
>> >> I worded that poorly. None is (AFAIK) the only instance of NoneType,
>> >> but I should've clarified the difference.> The is o
ng
things just for the sake of being different, or because they're cool,
although of course that's a subjective judgement. (Some people think that
functional programming idioms such as map and filter fall into that
category, wrongly in my opinion.) In any case, it's clear that Python
support
ther.
This is not a hypothetical risk. People have been burned by this in real
life:
http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/python/dev/771948
If you're interested in learning about the optimization:
http://utcc.utoronto.ca/~cks/space/blog/python/ExaminingStringConcatOpt
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as compiled code objects, closures, etc. You
would have to fake them somehow. Provided you could fake them sufficiently
well, then the lack of a byte-code compiler is just a quality of
implementation issue.
If that's *not* your question, them I'm stumped.
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ne of them are pretty.
fields = (demux_filter, field_filter, fpsin_filter, i2pfilter,
dn_filter, fpsout_filter, trim_filter, info_filter)
avs.write("%s"*len(fields) % fields)
works for me.
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fo_filter]
> avs.write(''.join(fields))
I can't believe I didn't think of that. I must be getting sick. (The sore
throat, stuffy nose and puffy eyes may also be a sign.)
Yes, ''.join() is far to be preferred over my solution using "%s".
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"""This is my documentation string.
Imagine this has actual useful information.
"""
def f2():
dc = """This is my documentation string.
Imagine this has actual useful information.
"""
Now, at the interactive interpreter, call:
help(f1)
help(f2)
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projects that have been taken over by
developers from the Windows world (I'm looking at you, Firefox). YMMV.
> And as soon as developers start developing for Unix customers (say
> Komodo, for instance), they start following the "Windows model" - as you
> call it.
Surely that's because Komodo started off as a Windows application before
being ported to Unix?
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e used by the caller.
# (Guarantee void on planet Earth.)
then replace None by MISSING in the code above.
Is this the sort of scenario you are talking about? If not, I'm completely
lost.
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guy", but that's acceptable.
(Most parodies get the syllable count wrong -- if a lyric goes
dum-de-dum-de-dum, the parody ends up like dum-dum-de-dum-de-dum or
dum-de-dum-de.)
Have a +1 from me and the missus.
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n makes it
>> abundantly clear to the human reader that a block follows,
>
> The block that follows makes it abundantly clear to the human reader
> that a block follows.
But it's too late by then. You have to mentally backtrack.
blah blah blah blah
indented block
blah blah bl
thing as simple as "don't use global state, instead pass
arguments to functions as needed" is a Good Trick learned from functional
programming.
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Inside wrote:
> As telling in the subject,because "list" and "tuple" aren't functions,they
> are types.Is that right?
Yes they are types. But they can still be used as functions. Does it matter?
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n mean(axis, dtype, out)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'NoneType'
I would appreciate any comments, advice or suggestions.
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Cameron Simpson wrote:
> On 15Jul2011 15:28, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
> | In favour of None: it's already there, no extra code required. People
> | may expect it to work.
>
> Broadly, I like this one for the reasons you cite.
>
> | Against None: it's to
Rob Williscroft wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano wrote in news:4e1fd009$0$29986$c3e8da3
> [email protected] in gmane.comp.python.general:
>
>> I'm designing an API for some lightweight calculator-like statistics
>> functions, such as mean, standard deviati
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