ine 1, in
ZeroDivisionError: float division by zero
So as you can see, testing for "zero" by comparing to machine epsilon
does not save you from Zero Division errors.
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returns False, but x actually
isn't zero?
Built-in floats only, if you subclass you can do anything you like:
class Cheating(float):
def __eq__(self, other):
return False
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On Tue, 28 May 2013 15:14:03 +, Grant Edwards wrote:
> On 2013-05-28, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
>> On Tue, 28 May 2013 01:39:09 -0700, Ahmed Abdulshafy wrote:
>>
>>> He just said that the way to test for zero equality is x == 0, and I
>>> mea
python -m tabnanny
to convert indentation to all spaces.
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2.3 through 3.3 in one code base.
That is, frankly, astonishing.)
Nobody *likes* to have to support really old versions missing the cool
syntax that you want to use, but nobody says that you should even try.
3.x doesn't change that.
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On Wed, 29 May 2013 10:50:47 -0600, Ian Kelly wrote:
> On Wed, May 29, 2013 at 8:33 AM, rusi wrote:
>> 0.0 == 0.0 implies 5.4 == 5.4
>> is not a true statement is what (I think) Steven is saying. 0 (or if
>> you prefer 0.0) is special and is treated specially.
>
>
On Wed, 29 May 2013 11:20:59 -0400, Roy Smith wrote:
>> How to process (read) YAML files in Python?
>
> Take a look at http://pyyaml.org/
Beware that pyaml suffers from the same issue as pickle, namely that it
can execute arbitrary code when reading untrusted data.
--
Ste
On Wed, 29 May 2013 07:27:40 -0700, Ahmed Abdulshafy wrote:
> On Tuesday, May 28, 2013 3:48:17 PM UTC+2, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Mon, 27 May 2013 13:11:28 -0700, Ahmed Abdulshafy wrote:
>>
>>
>>
>> > That may be true for integers, but for floats,
sion. To force it to do so, use the unary + operator.)
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s to watch out for.
> http://xkcd.com/1047/
Nice!
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e case of VB and VFP, they aren't bothered by such issues because
they're used to closed-source, proprietary programming where you use what
you are given and like it. In the open-source world, if you don't like
what you are given, you find something else, and if you can't find it,
you make it yourself.
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;m not sure why you care about the repr of the "AnythingFactory" object.
You stuff it directly into the defaultdict, where you are very unlikely
to need to inspect it. You only ever see the defaultdicts they return,
and they already have a nice repr.
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es to C-doubles, which Python floats are.
Another subtlety: small-but-positive numbers are millions of ULP away
from small-but-negative numbers. Also, there are issues to do with +0.0
and -0.0, NANs and the INFs.
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flects a fundamental
difficulty with floating point types.
As a general rule, "defensive coding" does not extend to the idea of
defending against mistakes in your code. The compiler, linter or unit
tests are supposed to do that. Occasionally, I will code defensively when
initialising tedious data sets:
prefixes = ['y', 'z', 'a', 'f', 'p', 'n', 'µ', 'm',
'k', 'M', 'G', 'T', 'P', 'E', 'Z', 'Y']
assert len(prefixes) == 16
but that's about as far as I go.
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On Thu, 30 May 2013 16:40:52 +, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
> On Fri, 31 May 2013 01:56:09 +1000, Chris Angelico wrote:
>> You're assuming you can casually hit Ctrl-C to stop an infinite loop,
>> meaning that it's trivial. It's not. Not everything lets you
50% a philosophy:
* pass arguments to functions, and return results, rather than getting
and setting state from a variable.
This is a good strategy: it makes it easier to reason about the code,
easier to document, easier to test, and makes it practical to use it in
threaded code.
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ontrol it. Python controls it.
You only need to release the GIL when writing C extensions.
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is
not commutative. (Absolute error, on the other hand, is commutative.) As
I said, any form of "approximate equality" has gotchas. But this gotcha
is simple to overcome:
abs(a -b) < eps*max(abs(a), abs(b))
(Knuth's "approximately equal to" which you give.)
. Given the simple definition
of relative error under discussion, the commutative law does not hold.
The mere fact that it does not hold is no big deal. It doesn't hold for
many comparison operators.
Nor does the transitive law hold, even using absolute epsilon:
eps = 0.5
a = 1.1
b = 1.5
c = 1.9
then a ≈ b, and b ≈ c, but a ≉ c.
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On Fri, 31 May 2013 17:09:01 +1000, Chris Angelico wrote:
> On Fri, May 31, 2013 at 3:13 PM, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
>> What makes you think that the commutative law is relevant here?
>>
>>
> Equality should be commutative. If a == b, then b == a. Also, it&#x
hown us these details, we might be able to help you, or at
least come back to you with more questions.
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resolve that function
> named "print" is tied to the global and local switches named
> "__GLOBAL_DEBUG__" and "__LOCAL_DEBUG__". To prevent any cognitive
> dissonance it may be desirable to introduce a new function called
> "debugprint".
That's not what cognitive dissonance means. The word you are looking for
is "confusion".
Cognitive dissonance is the mental stress and anguish a person feels when
deep down they know that they are the best, most intelligent, most expert
Python programmer on the planet, better even than Python's creator, and
yet every time they open their mouth to tell the world how Python gets it
wrong and how to fix it, they just get shot down in flames.
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On Sun, 02 Jun 2013 11:09:12 -0700, Rick Johnson wrote:
> Maybe you don't care about destroying someone's CPU, however, i do!
And yet here you are, destroying millions of people's CPUs by sending
them email or usenet messages filled with garbage.
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ontaining these
files in a file browser that supports UTF-8, do you see any file names
containing Mojibake?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojibake
Fix those file names, and hopefully the problem will go away.
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exception.
Is there a way to hook into the interactive interpreter *before* it is
evaluated? That is, if I type "len([])" at the prompt and hit ENTER, I
want a hook that runs before len([]) is evaluated to 0, so that I get the
string "len([])".
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ciency. It's 2013, not 1975, and computers have more than 32K of
RAM and the slowest CPU on the market is a million times faster than the
ones that took us to the moon, and quite frankly I have no sympathy for
the view that CPU cycles are so precious that we mustn't waste them. If
t
(Note: this post is sent using UTF-8. If anyone reading this sees
mojibake, please make sure your email or news client is set to use UTF-8.)
On Mon, 03 Jun 2013 05:54:30 -0700, rusi wrote:
> On Jun 3, 2:12 pm, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
>> You are right Steven, i just renames the file
On Mon, 03 Jun 2013 02:12:31 -0700, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
> Τη Δευτέρα, 3 Ιουνίου 2013 9:46:46 π.μ. UTC+3, ο χρήστης Steven D'Aprano
> έγραψε:
>
>> If I am right, the solution is to fix the file names to ensure that
>> they are all valid UTF-8 names. If you vie
n the file says:
import cgi, re, os, sys, socket, datetime, pymysql, locale
but there is no pymysql module available. Fix that problem, and then we
can look at the next problem.
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uld never, ever do, under
pain of maybe having to learn something, is actually check the
documentation of an unfamiliar library or function before making
assumptions of what it will return. If you follow this advice, you too
can enjoy the benefits of writing buggy code.
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On Mon, 03 Jun 2013 18:37:24 -0700, Rick Johnson wrote:
> On Sunday, June 2, 2013 1:58:30 PM UTC-5, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Sun, 02 Jun 2013 10:04:00 -0700, Rick Johnson wrote:
>> > A "wise programmer" may think he's solved the problem by writing a
On Mon, 03 Jun 2013 21:35:13 -0700, rusi wrote:
> On Jun 4, 3:37 am, Steven D'Aprano [email protected]> wrote:
>> (Note: this post is sent using UTF-8. If anyone reading this sees
>> mojibake, please make sure your email or news client is set to use
>>
you want to see soemhtign else
> please ask me to show you Steven.
If all else fails, you could just rename the troublesome file and
hopefully the problem will go away:
mv *Ο.mp3 1.mp3
mv 1.mp3 Eυχή του Ιησού.mp3
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dict(one=1, two=2)
py> dict(zip('abcd', range(4)), x=23, y=42, z=999)
{'a': 0, 'c': 2, 'b': 1, 'd': 3, 'y': 42, 'x': 23, 'z': 999}
Try doing that with {} alone!
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then call eval():
s = "dict(%s=0, %s=1)" % (a, b)
d = eval(s)
but that's slow and inconvenient and dangerous if your data is untrusted.
So in this specific case, you should stick to the {} method.
[1] Technically it's a type, not a function, but the difference makes no
difference here.
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er_effect
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type check which is
completely opposite in intent to duck-typing. (There's no short name for
this -- it's not quite static typing, because it happens at runtime and
isn't enforced by the language.)
It's almost like Rick declares that he's a great supporter
raceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf-8' codec can't decode byte 0xcd in position 0:
invalid continuation byte
Somehow, I don't know how because I didn't see it happen, you have one or
more files in that directory wh
to guess the encoding that a bunch of bytes
came from. If your bytes look like
0x48 0x65 0x6c 0x6c 0x6f 0x20 0x77 0x6f 0x72 0x6c 0x64 0x21
(ASCII "Hello World!") then you might *guess* that the encoding is ASCII,
or UTF-8, or Latin-1. But in general, you can't go from the bytes to the
encoding. Encodings are out-of-band information.
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On Tue, 04 Jun 2013 08:47:01 +, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
> Please run these commands, and show what result they give:
>
> alias ls
>
> printf %q\\n *.mp3
>
> ls -b *.mp3
Do you have an answer for this yet? Better still, change the last two
commands to thi
dynamic type system makes different trade-offs.
And of course, type errors are such a vanishingly small subset of all the
possible errors that might be made that, frankly, the difference in code
quality between those with static typing and those without is essentially
indistinguishable. There's no evidence that code written in static typed
languages is less buggy than code written in dynamic languages.
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t you take
advantage of it? Python currently has no standard way of doing such
automated type tests, and probably won't ever get one. A static typed
language gives you those tests for free, but in many languages at the
cost that you probably end up spending more time fighting to satisfy th
t you should not be using input(), but raw_input()
instead.
Replace every call to input() to raw_input() instead, and this specific
problem will go away. It may reveal other bugs, but that's programming
for you.
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o see
what causes the breakage.
* If you change something, and it breaks, undo the change, then
experiment outside of your live system to try to understand and fix the
issue.
As for everyone else, please try to be polite and helpful, or don't reply
at all.
Thank you.
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On Thu, 06 Jun 2013 12:29:44 +1000, Chris Angelico wrote:
> On Thu, Jun 6, 2013 at 11:56 AM, Steven D'Aprano
> wrote:
>> On Wed, 05 Jun 2013 14:59:31 -0700, Russ P. wrote:
>>> As for Python, my experience with it is that, as your application
>>> grows, you st
Comparing CPython, PyPy, SciPy, Parakeet and Numba for writing image
filters:
http://www.phi-node.com/2013/06/faster-morphological-image-filters-in.html
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On Tue, 04 Jun 2013 02:00:43 -0700, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
> Τη Τρίτη, 4 Ιουνίου 2013 11:47:01 π.μ. UTC+3, ο χρήστης Steven D'Aprano
> έγραψε:
>
>> Please run these commands, and show what result they give:
[...]
> [email protected] [~/www/data/apps]# alias ls
> ali
then
use file names as strings.
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me simple
examples of the same syntax error:
a = b + c)
x = y * z)
alist.sort())
assert 1+1 == 2)
Can you see the common factor? Each of those lines will give the same
syntax error as your line.
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On Thu, 06 Jun 2013 11:46:20 -0700, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
> Τη Πέμπτη, 6 Ιουνίου 2013 3:44:52 μ.μ. UTC+3, ο χρήστης Steven D'Aprano
> έγραψε:
>
>> py> s = '999-Eυχή-του-Ιησού'
>> py> bytes_as_utf8 = s.encode('utf-8')
>> py> t
ython 1.x, dict *actually was a function*,
just like len() or ord(), and the type/class system was radically
different. But that's ancient history now.)
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and on strings
15
py> len(b'\x23') # and on bytes
1
py> len(set(range(2))) # and on sets
2
py> len(frozenset(range(4))) # and on frozensets
4
py> len(range(1000)) # and on range objects
1000
Looks pretty polymorphic to me.
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But in the old Windows *Russian* charset, ISO-8859-5, the byte 0xE1 means
a completely different character, CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES:
py> b'\xE1'.decode('ISO-8859-5')
'с'
(don't be fooled that this looks like the English c, it is not the same).
In Unicode, 'α' is always codepoint 0x3B1 (decimal 945):
py> ord('α')
945
but before you can store that on a disk, or as a file name, it needs to
be converted to bytes, and which bytes you get depends on which encoding
you use:
py> 'α'.encode('utf-8')
b'\xce\xb1'
py> 'α'.encode('utf-16be')
b'\x03\xb1'
py> 'α'.encode('utf-32be')
b'\x00\x00\x03\xb1'
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On Fri, 07 Jun 2013 09:28:09 -0700, Eam onn wrote:
> Do you know of any tutorial for PyGame? Preferably a video tutorial but
> any tutorial at all is fine! I can't seem to find any, even on
> pygame.org!!!
https://duckduckgo.com/html/?q=pygame+tutorial
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ing fast
vector libraries like numpy. Just use numpy arrays instead of lists, and
+ instead of the add helper function, and Bob's yer uncle.
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On Fri, 07 Jun 2013 23:49:17 -0700, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
[...]
> Oh iam very sorry.
> Oh my God i cant beleive i missed a colon *again*:
>
> I have corrected this:
[snip code]
Stop posting your code after every trivial edit!!!
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s if we never reached the break.
raise ValueError('unable to clean filename %r'%pathname_as_bytes)
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> ' int a', a variable with name 'a' of type integer. 'char a', a
> variable with name 'a' of type char
>
> So taken form above example(the closest i could think of), the way i
> understand them is:
>
> A 'string' can be of (unicode's or ascii's) type and that type needs a
> way (thats a charset) to store this string into the hdd as a sequense of
> bytes?
Correct.
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fixed,
not infringements to pursue for profit.)
Give credit to where you are copying the code from, and use a licence
that is compatible. Don't try to give away rights that they don't give
away, don't try to hold rights that they give away, and you're already
90% of the way t
n Unicode was first invented, there was only 65 thousand characters,
and a fixed 16 bits was all you needed. But it was soon learned that 65
thousand was not enough (there are more than 65,000 Asian characters
alone!) and so UTF-16 developed the trick with surrogate pairs to cover
the extras.
[...
> And also is there a deiffrence between "encoding" and "compressing" ?
Of course. They are totally unrelated.
> Isnt the latter useing some form of encoding to take a string or bytes
> to make hold less space on disk?
Correct, except forget about "encoding". It's not relevant (except,
maybe, in a mathematical sense) and will just confuse you.
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Copy and paste the results back here please.
> Is it the assert that fail? Do we have some logic error someplace i dont
> see?
Please read the error message. Does it say AssertionError?
If it says AssertionError, then the assert has failed. If it says
something else, the code failed before the assert can run.
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On Sun, 09 Jun 2013 10:55:43 +0200, Lele Gaifax wrote:
> Steven D'Aprano writes:
>
>> On Sat, 08 Jun 2013 22:09:57 -0700, nagia.retsina wrote:
>>
>>> chr('A') would give me the mapping of this char, the number 65 while
>>> ord(65) would outpu
On Sun, 09 Jun 2013 02:00:46 -0700, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
> Steven wrote:
>>> Since 1 byte can hold up to 256 chars, why not utf-8 use 1-byte for
>>> values up to 256?
>
>>Because then how do you tell when you need one byte, and when you need
>>two? If y
last):
File "", line 1, in
AssertionError
> printing a greek Unicode string in the error with ASCII
> as the output encoding (default when not a tty IIRC).
An interesting thought. How would we test that?
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get an exception. Suppose that you are encoding from
French to German:
qui -> die (both words mean "who" in English)
Now if you get confused, and decode the word 'die' by looking it up in an
English-To-French dictionary, instead of German-To-French, you get:
die -> mour
cit rights to modification granted.
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Well this is where one must make a distinction with fair-use -- if I
> re-publish my modifications then the code is still subject to the terms
> by the original author. If I make a copy for myself and run the problem
> for personal, non-commercial use, then I am in the domain of fair use
us.
There has never been a time where copyright only applies to secret works
that aren't published.
The HMS Pinafore issue -- and similarly for the works of Mark Twain, and
any other British author who had work published in the US -- was that
their copyright in Britain was not recognised, or legally enforceable, in
the USA.
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the law
actually enforces.
But bringing it back to the original topic, I believe that the philosophy
of FOSS is that we should try our best to honour the intentions of the
writer, not to find some legal loophole that permits us to copy his or
her work against their wishes.
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bother to read them and just ask the same question again. And
again. And again.
> ps. i tried to post a reply to the thread i opend via thunderbird mail
> client, but not as a reply to somne other reply but as new mail send to
> python list.
> because of that a new thread will be opened. How can i tell thunderbird
> to reply to the original thread and not start a new one?
By replying to an email in that thread.
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, 'Ιανουάριος':1}
print("==Values==")
for x in sorted(months.values()):
print(x)
print("==Keys==")
for x in sorted(months.keys()):
print(x)
prints:
==Values==
1
2
==Keys==
Ιανουάριος
Φεβρουάριος
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On Mon, 10 Jun 2013 00:10:38 -0700, nagia.retsina wrote:
> Τη Κυριακή, 9 Ιουνίου 2013 3:31:44 μ.μ. UTC+3, ο χρήστης Steven D'Aprano
> έγραψε:
>
>> py> c = 'α'
>> py> ord(c)
>> 945
>
> The number 945 is the characters 'α' ordinal v
On Mon, 10 Jun 2013 08:42:07 +0200, Malte Forkel wrote:
> Am 10.06.2013 07:31, schrieb Steven D'Aprano:
>>
>> But bringing it back to the original topic, I believe that the
>> philosophy of FOSS is that we should try our best to honour the
>> intentions of th
never choose a variable name that
>> is a keyword.
>
> Btw, shouldn't it be illegal anyway? Most compilers don't let you do
> use a keyword as a variable name
list is not a keyword.
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d have
> been clearer to both me and Idle.
Correct. The downside of editors that colourise text is that sometimes
they colourise it wrong. In this case, how is the editor supposed to know
that list no longer refers to the built-in list?
This is yet another good argument for being cautious about shadowing
built-ins.
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used "foo" as a
local variable stopped working?
[1] For some value of "foo".
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hem too. A good programmer[1] will weigh up the pros and cons
of "use the most readable, descriptive name for the variable" versus
"shadow a global or built-in with the same name" and decide on the merits
of the specific case in question -- should I use a less-appropriate name
("mylist", blah) in the interest of not confusing some readers, or the
right name but risk shadowing a name in a higher scope?
Python takes a very hands-off approach to this. Other languages are more
in-your-face. There is room in the world for both philosophies.
[1] In my opinion of good *wink*
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f that causes the built-in
to be inaccessible within that function.
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On Tue, 11 Jun 2013 08:22:19 -0700, Rick Johnson wrote:
> On Monday, June 10, 2013 9:56:43 PM UTC-5, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Mon, 10 Jun 2013 20:14:55 -0400, Terry Jan Reedy wrote:
>> > Reading further, one sees that the function works with two lists, a
questing more than one item.
else:
# The user is requesting only one item.
[end quote]
Read the rest of the docs. Don't ask any more questions until you have
read them. Then, if anything is still unclear, you can point to a section
of the docs and say "I don't understand this".
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Seens the encoding precedure successfully turned all the filenames from
> greek-iso to utf-8 without failing, why woul it still be encoding issues
> when it comes to execute?
Because the problems are unrelated. Just because you fix one bug, doesn't
mean all the other bugs magically disappear.
tf-8')
# Check the presence of a file against the database
# and insert if it doesn't exist
cur.execute('SELECT url FROM files WHERE url = %s', filename)
data = cur.fetchone()
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On Wed, 12 Jun 2013 12:00:38 +0300, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
> On 12/6/2013 11:31 πμ, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Wed, 12 Jun 2013 08:02:24 +, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
>>> and the output is just Pacman.exe as seen in
>>>
>>> http://superhost.gr/
14 bits:
00
01
10
11
[...]
10
11
you will see that there are only 32767 (2**15-1) such values. You can't
fit 1114111 characters with just 32767 values.
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On Wed, 12 Jun 2013 12:24:24 +0300, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
> On 12/6/2013 12:17 μμ, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> On Wed, 12 Jun 2013 12:00:38 +0300, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
>>
>>> On 12/6/2013 11:31 πμ, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>>>> On Wed, 12
mation in
previous emails to answer this question on your own, but here it is again:
Open an interactive Python session, and run this code:
c = ord(16474)
len(c.encode('utf-8'))
That will tell you how many bytes are used for that example.
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other stream of
>> questions along the lines of "How do I do it?".
>
> hi. I loopet rope aroung and jumped, but bruise happen and erron do the
> death.
>
> Pls heelp!
>
> Nikos
Oh god I shouldn't laugh but that is funny.
Still not cool though. Please stop.
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On Wed, 12 Jun 2013 15:42:07 +0100, Mark Lawrence wrote:
> On 12/06/2013 13:42, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
>>
>> Something you want me to try?
>
> I'd suggest suicide
Mark, not cool. Seriously not cool.
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ction
Just to make things complicated :-)
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;five"
py> int
'five'
py> del int
py> int("42")
42
Or:
py> int = "five"
py> int
'five'
py> type(5)("42")
42
Or:
py> int = "five"
py> import builtins # Use __builtin__ in Python 2.
py> builtins.int("42")
42
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recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
TypeError: 'str' object is not callable
py> builtins.int = type(5)
py> int("42")
42
It may not be quite so simple to recover from *all* such monkey-patches,
but you can always exit Python, edit your code, and start it up again.
It's not like you've patched the actual compiler.
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example, the re module defines a function compile, which
shadows the built-in compile, but:
- the re module doesn't use the built-in compile
- other modules normally use the fully-qualified re.compile
so, in practice, there is no conflict.
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ence your byte-string is not
valid UTF-32:
py> b = b'\xFF'*8
py> b.decode('UTF-32')
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
UnicodeDecodeError: 'utf32' codec can't decode bytes in position 0-3:
codepoint not in range(0x11)
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he first object is falsey, and the second object is truthy,
so it is returned
0 or [] or "foo"
=> the first two objects are falsey, so the third is returned
The "and" operator works in a similar fashion. Experiment with it and see
how it works for yourself.
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On Thu, 13 Jun 2013 09:09:19 +0300, Νικόλαος Κούρας wrote:
> On 13/6/2013 3:13 πμ, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>> Open an interactive Python session, and run this code:
>>
>> c = ord(16474)
>> len(c.encode('utf-8'))
>>
>>
>> That will
ng showing what the int would look like in a different
base:
py> hex(16474)
'0x405a'
Notice that the return value of bin, oct and hex are all strings. If they
were ints, then they would display in decimal, defeating the purpose!
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Steven
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,
but actively (if unconsciously) fought against.
As someone immersed in that culture, and therefore at risk of being
unaware of my biases, I am *very* curious as to what you think they are,
and what strengths of Python you think I might be missing.
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Steven
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rself.
You have a Python interactive interpreter. Try things, and see what they
do. Read the documentation. THEN, and ONLY after you have done these
things, should you ask for help.
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p beginner
> a lot (this one is very nice, not just magnified editor).
I consider IDEs to be an attractive nuisance. It's like learning to be a
chef by putting food in a microwave and pushing the pre-set buttons.
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