[Tutor] introspection
Does python provide the introspective ability to retrieve the name to
which an object is bound?
For example:
$ python3
Python 3.4.0 (default, Apr 11 2014, 13:05:18)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
a = 69
print("Identifier <{}> is bound to {}.".format(a.__name__, a))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute '__name__'
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Re: [Tutor] introspection
On 2015-04-20 09:15, Joel Goldstick wrote:
On Mon, Apr 20, 2015 at 11:24 AM, Alex Kleider
wrote:
Does python provide the introspective ability to retrieve the name to
which
an object is bound?
For example:
$ python3
Python 3.4.0 (default, Apr 11 2014, 13:05:18)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
a = 69
print("Identifier <{}> is bound to {}.".format(a.__name__, a))
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
AttributeError: 'int' object has no attribute '__name__'
An object can be bound to multiple names. Within a namespace you can
use locals to see names, then compare various names like so:
a = 3
b = 6
c = a
locals()
{'a': 3, 'c': 3, 'b': 6, '__builtins__': , '__package__': None, '__name__': '__main__', '__doc__':
None}
a is b
False
a is c
True
Showing my desired use case might make my question more understandable:
def debug(var_name):
if args["--debug"]:
print("Identifier <{}> is bound to: {}"
.format(var_name.__name__, repr(var_name)))
I don't think the built in locals() can help me.
Thanks all the same.
Alex
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Re: [Tutor] bin to dec conversion puzzlement
On 2015-04-20 09:21, Alan Gauld wrote: On 20/04/15 08:44, Jim Mooney wrote: I can't seem to get my head around this 'simple' book example of binary-to-decimal conversion, which goes from left to right: B = '11011101' I = 0 while B: I = I * 2 + int(B[0]) B = B[1:] ... Both methods work but I just can't see how the first one does. The key is that the result gets multiplied by 2 each time so for an N bit number the leftmost digit winds up being effectively 2**N, which is what you want. Shouldn't that be 2**(N-1)? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] introspection
On 2015-04-20 13:24, Ben Finney wrote: Alex Kleider writes: Does python provide the introspective ability to retrieve the name to which an object is bound? Objects aren't bound to names. So, no. The binding from a reference (a name is a reference) to objects is one-way. See this excellent presentation from PyCon US 2015 by Ned Batchelder https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_AEJHKGk9ns>. But my code knows the name. The code is provided the name; I want the code to tell me that name. ..but it seems unable to do so. ;-( ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] introspection
On 2015-04-20 22:21, Danny Yoo wrote: What's supposed to happen in this situation? ## class Person(object): def __init__(self): pass j = Person() john = j jack = j ## What single name should we get back from the single Person object here? "j", "john", or "jack"? I was hoping that it would be possible to create a function that would do the following: def my_name(some_object): return some_object.__name__ so, using what you entered above.. my_name(j) 'j' my_name(john) 'john' my_name(jack) 'jack' But I see what I think you and others have been trying to explain to me: that the expression some_object.__name__, if it existed, would indeed be schizophrenic since it would be an attribute of the object, not the name(s) to which it is bound. Thanks all for your replies. ak ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] introspection
On 2015-04-21 16:48, Cameron Simpson wrote: But it would not be schizophrenic to write a function that returned a name arbitrarily, by inspecting locals(). It depends whether you only need a name, or if you need "the" name. In my use case there'd probably be only one name for the given object so I believe you've given me my next exercise! Write yourself a "find_name_from_locals(local_map, value)" function that reports. That will (a) get you a partial answer and (b) cement in your mind what is possible and why. Easy and useful! I'll get working on that! Cheers, Cameron Simpson Technique will get you through times of no strength a lot better than strength will get you through times of no technique.- the Nealomatic Wonderful quote by the way! ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] introspection
On 2015-04-21 16:38, Ben Finney wrote: That hope is understandable. Your "understanding" is appreciated. It is also easy to be confused So true, but with the help of "Python Tutors" things are being rectified! about why such a feature doesn't exist; So why not arbitrary objects? The answer is that functions, classes, and modules are all *defined*, and (normally) have exactly one canonical name established at definition time. Arbitrary objects are merely *instantiated*, without that definition step. Quite commonly they are used with no name bound to them; so the behaviour of most objects does not have ‘__name__’ in the API. If you would like to make a class that has that attribute on all its instances, feel free. But you need to figure out how the instance detects its own name! class LockeanThing: """ An object that knows the name by which others refer to it. """ def __init__(self): self.__name__ = ??? But I see what I think you and others have been trying to explain to me: that the expression some_object.__name__, if it existed, would indeed be schizophrenic since it would be an attribute of the object, not the name(s) to which it is bound. That's why I prefer to be clear that the binding operation is one-way only. A reference (such as a name) is bound to an object, the object is not bound to the reference — indeed, the object knows nothing about that relationship. It's sinking in. Thank you. ak ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Pun panic
On 2015-04-22 05:40, Ben Finney wrote: Albert-Jan Roskam writes: - Original Message - > From: Ben Finney > You'll need a working implementation first. Put it on BullCodes > https://bull.codes/> for bonus Python-based free-software > repository hosting points! Is bull.codes better than Github or Bitbucket? Yes, because those are not free software. http://mako.cc/writing/hill-free_tools.html> Kallithea (which is what powers BullCodes) is free software, meaning anyone is free to see how it works and change it and run their own instance and share changes. http://kallithea-scm.org/> There seems to be much documentation on how to set up Kallithea as a server, but I've been unable to find anything resembling a user (i.e. someone who wants to keep a project hosted on bull.code) 'howto' with regard to bull.code. Any suggestions? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Pun panic
On 2015-04-22 12:22, Ben Finney wrote: Alex Kleider writes: On 2015-04-22 05:40, Ben Finney wrote: > http://mako.cc/writing/hill-free_tools.html> > > Kallithea (which is what powers BullCodes) is free software, meaning > anyone is free to see how it works and change it and run their own > instance and share changes. > > http://kallithea-scm.org/> […] I've been unable to find anything resembling a user (i.e. someone who wants to keep a project hosted on bull.code) 'howto' with regard to bull.code. Any suggestions? I don't think BullCodes has a pointer to it yet, but: Kallithea's documentation contains a “General Kallithea usage” section https://docs.kallithea-scm.org/en/latest/usage/general.html>, is that what you're looking for? I already looked through that page and indeed perhaps the information is there but not in a way that I can understand. No where can I find what steps to take to push a git repository that I have on my lap top to bullcode. But perhaps this is the wrong venue since it isn't Python related. Sorry. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Introductory questions on test-driven development and implementing Git version control.
On 2015-04-25 08:34, boB Stepp wrote: On Sat, Apr 25, 2015 at 3:21 AM, Alan Gauld wrote: Having looked at this thread and its early responses I think it would be good to break it up into its two natural parts. TDD and version control are pretty much separate concepts and should be on separate threads. Bob, could you please ask your version control questions again, taking account of early responses, on a new thread? That way we can keep the TDD stuff together and the version control stuff in a separate place. Done! I do not know if what I did matches your intent, but I hope so! I stuffed everything relevant to version control into a single email, trying my best to keep attributions, etc., accurate. It makes for a long post, but it has everything nicely in place. I just hope Gmail did not mangle anything! In retrospect, I wish I had copied and pasted every post so far into Vim, did my editing there, and re-copy and paste into a new email. I keep forgetting that text is text... This might be of interest to you: https://addons.mozilla.org/en-us/firefox/addon/its-all-text/ ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Questions (and initial responses) on using version control: Why cannot I push my single (master) branch to origin without an error occurring?
On 2015-04-30 20:39, boB Stepp wrote: I created my remote repository on, say my C-drive, with "git init". I then copied and pasted a file to that location and put it under version control with "git add filename.py". Next I went to my E-drive, which is where I intend to be my working directories. After setting up a similar directory structure (/Projects/), I typed "git clone C:/Projects/project_name" and the desired result appeared on E: E:/Projects/project_name/filename.py. All seemed well with the world! Now I made some edits to filename.py in my working directory, added/committed and then attempted to push to the remote repository and got this: I would suggest the following work flow to set up two parallel repositories: cd git init git add git commit cd git clone # the above command brings in a copy of all that was committed in the first repo. Once this is done, I believe your subsequent commits can be pushed without the errors. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] key detection
On 2015-05-05 15:36, Alan Gauld wrote:
On 05/05/15 22:30, Jim Mooney Py3.4.3winXP wrote:
Can python detect a keypress?
The following works for my (on my Ubuntu platform) system
although probably won't be of much use on a Redmond OS.
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# file: 'readchar.py'
"""
Provides readchar()
Implementation of a way to get a single character of input
without waiting for the user to hit .
(OS is Linux, Ubuntu 14.04)
"""
import tty, sys, termios
class ReadChar():
def __enter__(self):
self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
self.old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno())
return sys.stdin.read(1)
def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, self.old_settings)
def readchar():
with ReadChar() as rc:
return rc
def testrc():
print\
("Testing ReadChar: enter a character and we'll report what it is.")
while True:
char = readchar()
if ord(char) <= 32:
print("You entered character with ordinal {}, aka {}."
.format(ord(char), repr(char)))
else:
print("You entered character '{}'."
.format(char))
if char in "^C^D":
break
if __name__ == "__main__":
testrc()
To give credit where credit is due: I seem to remember cobbling this
together
based on something that was discussed on this mailing list quite some
time ago.
i.e. it's not original work:-)
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Re: [Tutor] introspection
On 2015-04-21 16:48, Cameron Simpson wrote:
But it would not be schizophrenic to write a function that returned a
name arbitrarily, by inspecting locals(). It depends whether you only
need a name, or if you need "the" name.
Write yourself a "find_name_from_locals(local_map, value)" function
that reports. That will (a) get you a partial answer and (b) cement in
your mind what is possible and why. Easy and useful!
Cheers,
Cameron Simpson
Well I finally got around to tackling this little challenge and you are
right:
It was illuminating.
For what it's worth, here's the code that made the light go on:
#!../venv/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# vim: set file encoding=utf-8 :
#
# file: 'getname.py'
"""
Following through on:
Write yourself a "find_name_from_locals(local_map, value)" function that
reports. That will (a) get you a partial answer and (b) cement in your
mind what is possible and why. Easy and useful!
Cheers, Cameron Simpson
"""
a = 'Alex'
j = 'June'
ssn = 681769931 # Totally ficticious!
# print(locals())
def get_name_1st_version(item):
"""What I naively thought would work."""
for name in locals():
if name == item:
return name
def get_name(localmap, item):
"""As suggested.
Returns 'a' name, not necessarily 'the' name."""
for name in localmap:
if localmap[name] == item:
return name
if __name__ == '__main__': # code block to run the application
# First attempt:
print(get_name_1st_version(a))
print(get_name_1st_version(j))
print(get_name_1st_version(ssn))
print(get_name_1st_version('Alex'))
print(get_name_1st_version('June'))
print(get_name_1st_version(681769931))
# Second attempt:
localmap = locals()
# Lesson learned: must use localmap created within the namespace
# under scrutiny.
print(get_name(localmap, a))
print(get_name(localmap, j))
print(get_name(localmap, ssn))
print(get_name(localmap, 'Alex'))
print(get_name(localmap, 'June'))
print(get_name(localmap, 681769931))
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Re: [Tutor] introspection
On 2015-05-07 19:10, Dave Angel wrote:
def get_name(localmap, item):
"""As suggested.
Returns 'a' name, not necessarily 'the' name."""
for name in localmap:
if localmap[name] == item:
This is not likely to be what was intended. You want
if localmap[name] is item:
That can identify if one of the names happens to be bound to the SAME
object being examined. Rather than one that happens to have the same
value.
Correction noted. Thank you for that. The distinction is important.
('==' vs 'is')
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Re: [Tutor] introspection
On 2015-05-07 20:45, Dave Angel wrote: You also only showed it working on module globals. (For code at top-level, locals() returns the same as globals() ) You could also try it inside functions, where locals() really makes sense as a name. And you could try it in a nested function where there may very well be non-locals (eg. closure items) that aren't local or global. You've taken me to new territory: http://www.shutupandship.com/2012/01/python-closures-explained.html I wasn't familiar with 'closures' and to be truthful, still am not, although thanks to you I am at least aware of the idea. But more interestingly, you could try it on items of a list, or members of a dictionary, where there's no name at all associated with the object. It simply returns None. I assume that's the point you are making? (That it has no name, or perhaps more accurately expressed: there is no name to discover.) alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] split a string inside a list
On 2015-05-08 20:24, Kayla Hiltermann wrote: hi, i am trying to make a pythagorean triples checker (a^2 + b^2 = c^2). the user enters three sides to a triangle and my code determines if it is a pythagorean triple (aka right triangle) or not. i have the entire code pretty much done, except i want to account for variability in user input, like using commas or just spaces. the user input is initially a string, but is converted to a list once run through .split() . I would like to split the user input by commas or spaces, so: 3 4 5 3,4,5 3, 4, 5 all become: [“3", “4", “5"]. Several solutions have been suggested (of which the re.findall approach appeals to me the most) but one that hasn't and might be worth considering is use of str.maketrans() and s.translate(). https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#string.maketrans https://docs.python.org/2/library/string.html#string.translate ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help Learn python - Step by Step
On Sat, May 9, 2015 at 3:23 AM, acolta wrote: Hi guys, I want to start coding in python. My background is Linux/Bash/Perl (begginner). My appreciate if somebody will recommend books/tutorials + exercises to practice. I first cut my Python teeth using http://www.greenteapress.com/thinkpython/ and would highly recommend it as a starting point. The only reservation to be made is that it covers Python 2.x (probably 2.7) but not Python3 ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] reading lines from a list of files
Is there a better (more 'Pythonic') way to do the following? for f_name in f_names: with open(f_name, 'r') as f: for line in f: As always, thank you, tutors, for all you are doing. AlexK ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] reading lines from a list of files
On 2015-05-11 23:48, Peter Otten wrote: Alex Kleider wrote: Is there a better (more 'Pythonic') way to do the following? for f_name in f_names: with open(f_name, 'r') as f: for line in f: There's the fileinput module <https://docs.python.org/dev/library/fileinput.html#fileinput.input> but personally I prefer the way you show above. Then I'll stick with what you prefer and what I know. It seems silly to import yet another module for the sole purpose of saving one line of code although the reason for my inquiry was more to diminish levels of indentation than number of lines. Thanks, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] reading lines from a list of files
On 2015-05-11 23:48, Peter Otten wrote: Alex Kleider wrote: Is there a better (more 'Pythonic') way to do the following? for f_name in f_names: with open(f_name, 'r') as f: for line in f: There's the fileinput module <https://docs.python.org/dev/library/fileinput.html#fileinput.input> but personally I prefer the way you show above. As a follow up question: The following seems to work- for f_name in list_of_file_names: for line in open(f_name, 'r'): process(line) but should I be worried that the file doesn't get explicitly closed? Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] reading lines from a list of files
On 2015-05-14 00:15, Laura Creighton wrote: In a message of Wed, 13 May 2015 22:27:11 -0700, Alex Kleider writes: As a follow up question: The following seems to work- for f_name in list_of_file_names: for line in open(f_name, 'r'): process(line) but should I be worried that the file doesn't get explicitly closed? Alex If you use the with statement you will guarantee that the file closes as soon as you are done with it. It will also handle exceptions nicely for you. See: https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0343/ In practice, Cpython's ref counting semantics means that running out of file descriptors doesn't happen (unless you put that code in a loop that gets called a whole lot). But the gc used by a Python version is not part of the language specification, but is a language implementation detail. If you are writing for PyPy or Jython you will need to use the with statement or close your files explicitly, so the gc knows you are done with them. Relying on 'the last reference to them went away' to close your file won't work if the gc isn't counting references. See: http://pypy.org/compat.html or for more detail: http://pypy.readthedocs.org/en/latest/cpython_differences.html#differences-related-to-garbage-collection-strategies Laura Thanks, Laura, for your analysis. I'll happily include the one extra line and let 'with' do its magic rather than depend on implementation details (or worry about their shortcomings:-) ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] reading lines from a list of files
On 2015-05-14 00:01, Alan Gauld wrote: On 14/05/15 06:27, Alex Kleider wrote: The following seems to work- for f_name in list_of_file_names: for line in open(f_name, 'r'): process(line) but should I be worried that the file doesn't get explicitly closed? If you are only ever reading from the file then no, I'd not worry too much. But in the general case, where you might be making changes then yes, you should worry. It will work 99% of the time but if things go wrong there's always a chance that a file has not been closed yet and your changes have not been written to the file. But if you are not changing the file it doesn't matter too much. The only other consideration is that some OS might put a lock on the file even if it's only read access, so in those cases closing will release the lock sooner. But I don't think any of the popular OS do that any more. Thank you, Alan; I hadn't appreciated the important difference in risk with write vs read. It's clear that 'best practice' would be to use 'with' so as to 'cover all bases.' ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] reading lines from a list of files
On 2015-05-13 23:24, Danny Yoo wrote: As a follow up question: The following seems to work- for f_name in list_of_file_names: for line in open(f_name, 'r'): process(line) but should I be worried that the file doesn't get explicitly closed? It depends on context. Personally, I'd write it with the 'with' to make it very clear that the loop will manage its resource. That being said, it sounds like there might be concerned about the nesting. We're nesting three or four levels deep, at the very least! I'd agree with that. Because of this, it might be worthwile to consider refactoring the processing of the file in a separate function, something like this: ### def processFile(f): for line in f: ... for f_name in list_of_file_names: with open(f_name, 'r') as f: processFile(f) ### The primary reason is to reduce the nesting. But there's also a potential side benefit: processFile() has a better chance of being unit-testable, since we can pass in instances of other file-like objects, such as io.StringIO(), to spot-check the behavior of the process. Thanks, Danny. This is particularly germane since the issue has come up in the midst of my first attempt to do test driven development. I'll try refactoring per your suggestion. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] string delimiters
On 2015-06-03 12:53, Alan Gauld wrote: ... If this is really about parsing dates and times have you looked at the datetime module and its parsing/formatting functions (ie strptime/strftime)? I asssume strftime gets its name from 'string from time.' What about strptime? How did that get its name? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] string delimiters
On 2015-06-03 15:13, Mark Lawrence wrote: 'f' for format, 'p' for parse, having originally come from plain old C. More here https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#strftime-and-strptime-behavior So I was wrong about the 'f' as well as having no clue about the 'p'! Thank you very much for clearing that up for me. cheers, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] python 3.4 documentation
I'm using python 3.4 on an ubuntu 14.4 LTS OS and frequently find myself 'off line'. I'd like to download the standard library documentation to have at hand on my hard drive. I tried prompt> wget -r https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html but links appear to be broken. I'd be grateful for advice as to the way to do this. Thanks in advance. Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] python 3.4 documentation
On 2015-06-14 12:36, Hilton Fernandes wrote: Hello, Alex ! I believe that maybe in the page https://docs.python.org/3/download.html Thank you Hilton, Laura and Peter for pointing me in the right direction. Being 'off line' will no longer be such a hardship. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] python 3.4 documentation
On 2015-06-14 17:13, Laura Creighton wrote: In a message of Sun, 14 Jun 2015 15:50:38 -0700, Alex Kleider writes: On 2015-06-14 12:36, Hilton Fernandes wrote: Hello, Alex ! I believe that maybe in the page https://docs.python.org/3/download.html Thank you Hilton, Laura and Peter for pointing me in the right direction. Being 'off line' will no longer be such a hardship. You are most welcome, but I want to go fix this for the next person who comes along. Where did you find the bad link? Or, if you just assumed that the one you tried would work, what can we do to keep the next person from assuming the same thing? Laura Here's the command I initially used: prompt> wget -r https://docs.python.org/3/library/index.html The directory that resulted seemed to have everything but when I tried to use links, none worked. I have since deleted the above and downloaded (and 'untared') as follows: prompt> tar -xvjf python-3.4.3-docs-html.tar.bz2 All is now well. I could repeat the (wget) process and give you more detailed information if that would be helpful. (Let me know.) Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] python 3.4 documentation
On 2015-06-14 20:49, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
The Python interactive interpreter comes with a powerful interactive
help system. At the Python prompt, you can enter:
help()
help("keyword") # e.g. "raise"
help(any_object)
to get help and documentation.
Thank you for this tip. I sort of was aware of it but had no idea
of how much help was there. I certainly had no idea that modules
were documented as well:
alex@t61p:~$ python3
Python 3.4.0 (default, Apr 11 2014, 13:05:18)
[GCC 4.8.2] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
help('key words')
no Python documentation found for 'key words'
help('keywords')
Here is a list of the Python keywords. Enter any keyword to get more
help.
False def if raise
Nonedel import return
Trueelifin try
and elseis while
as except lambda with
assert finally nonlocalyield
break for not
class fromor
continueglobal pass
import csv
help('csv')
...and documentation of the modules appears in the pager!
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Re: [Tutor] python and Beautiful soup question
On 2015-06-21 15:55, Mark Lawrence wrote:
On 21/06/2015 21:04, Joshua Valdez wrote:
I'm having trouble making this script work to scrape information from
a
series of Wikipedia articles.
What I'm trying to do is iterate over a series of wiki URLs and pull
out
the page links on a wiki portal category (e.g.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Electronic_design).
I know that all the wiki pages I'm going through have a page links
section.
However when I try to iterate through them I get this error message:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "./wiki_parent.py", line 37, in
cleaned = pages.get_text()AttributeError: 'NoneType' object has
no
attribute 'get_text'
Presumably because this line
pages = soup.find("div" , { "id" : "mw-pages" })
doesn't find anything, pages is set to None and hence the attribute
error on the next line. I'm suspicious of { "id" : "mw-pages" } as
it's a Python dict comprehension with one entry of key "id" and value
"mw-pages".
Why do you refer to { "id" : "mw-pages" } as a dict comprehension?
Is that what a simple dict declaration is?
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Re: [Tutor] Pep 8, about indentation
On Aug 7, 2015 1:18 AM, Cameron Simpson wrote: > > > However, when _editing_ I tell vi that when I press TAB it is to insert > enough > SPACE characters to get to the next 4 column position. How do you do that? I've got vim set up so a CTRL-T while in insert mode does that (and CTRL-D does the opposite) but don't know how to make use of the tab key. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Pep 8, about indentation
On 2015-08-07 20:56, Cameron Simpson wrote: On 07Aug2015 12:19, Alex Kleider wrote: On Aug 7, 2015 1:18 AM, Cameron Simpson wrote: However, when _editing_ I tell vi that when I press TAB it is to insert enough SPACE characters to get to the next 4 column position. How do you do that? I've got vim set up so a CTRL-T while in insert mode does that (and CTRL-D does the opposite) but don't know how to make use of the tab key. ^T and ^D have done that since time immemorial in vi, no special setup required. I pretty much never use ^T but I do use ^D to back out an indent level. These are my settings relevant to tabs and indenting: set autoindent set expandtab set shiftwidth=2 set tabstop=4 In order: autoindent: start the next line's text on the same indent as this one expandtab: write spaces instead of a TAB character shiftwidth: how far the < and > shift-text operations move tabstop: the multiple used to tabstops - every 4 columns for me Thanks! Here is what I've got in my ~/.vimrc file: set autoindent set shiftwidth=4 set expandtab set textwidth=72 set scrolljump=2 set scrolloff=2 I'll add set tabstop=4 Happy to post my other settings should anyone care. ... and yes, I for one certainly do "care." I'd very much like to see your other settings. Cheers, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Pep 8, about indentation
On 2015-08-10 08:33, David Rock wrote: You might want to add softtabstop as well. set softtabstop=4 It's very handy for allowing the delete key to go back TAB number of spaces (ie, deletes those 4 spaces you just inserted). I got it working but the key needs to be the 'backspace' key, not the 'delete' key. Either way, very handy (replacing the need to use CTRL-D.) Thanks, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Help
On 2015-08-10 11:13, Emile van Sebille wrote: On 8/10/2015 10:07 AM, Alan Gauld wrote: PS. What is SDSU? San Diego State University I'd guess. Emile South Dakota State is the other possibility. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] cannot get a label message to display immediately
On 2015-08-14 09:32, Bill Allen wrote: I am working in Tkinter. The scenario is that I click a button that starts a function running. No problem there. However, the function may take some time to run and I do not want the user to be worried. I am wanting to immediately set a label when the function starts to say "Please Wait". However, the label does not show up until the function completes. How do I get both actions to happen essentially at the same time, the writing of the label and the execution of the function? I have no code to show on this one because I am lost in the weeds, not sure of the general way to go on this. Thanks, --Bill Allen Might it be possible to insert the code that posts the 'label' into the beginning of the function's code block? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Where should unit test files go in a project directory structure and some related questions?
On 2015-08-16 01:28, Alan Gauld wrote: Here is my default structure project - doc project documents: contracts reqs, designs, test specs etc - man(*) user docs - bin(*) the master exe or main.py type files - lib(*) the shipping libraries - src the code -- lang folder per language used - sql, python, C, bash, etc --- lib modules/packages - subfolder per package --- test test code - sub-tree under this, depends on test tools. --- toolstools used but not shipped - db load/reset etc --- main folder in some languages, a file in others Alan, Assuming the above structure and further assuming that your python test suite is under test, how do you arrange to import code that is under main? I have only been able to figure out how to import code that is at the same or lower level in the file structure. If one's test code was in --- test/test.py, an import of --- main or main/mycode.py would have to 'find' the latter by traveling up the tree to test and then over to main, or over to main and then down to mycode.py. I've not been able to do that. Is there a way? Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Where should unit test files go in a project directory structure and some related questions?
On 2015-08-16 10:45, Alan Gauld wrote: Thee are several options. 1) create links from, main to the test files needed 2) alter sys.path so imports can see the test folder 3) alter the PYTHONPATH environment var I suspect in this case the easiest solution is a link Thanks Alan. Creating a link is familiar to me but your answer brings up another question: Where/how is the best place/way to set PYTHONPATH? I've never been clear to me if it's part of the shell (bash) environment or part of the python interpreter's environment. Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Where should unit test files go in a project directory structure and some related questions?
On 2015-08-16 12:45, Laura Creighton wrote: We have a new mechanism for test discovery in 2.7 and 3.x https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html see 26.3.3 It's been backported. see: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2 Also, if you are on Python2 and you put your tests in a test subdirectory you need to remember to make an __init__.py file there. Laura I've got it working. Thanks, Laura. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] pip install in a virtualenv *without* internet?
On 2015-08-18 19:32, Mike C. Fletcher wrote: To install without going out to the internet, you can use these arguments: pip install --no-index --find-links=/path/to/download/directory For this to work, /path/to/download/directory would, I assume, first have to be populated. I further assume that running wget from within that directory might do the trick. Can you suggest the correct parameter(s) that need to be provided? If anyone happens to know approximately how much file space would be required, that would be helpful. Thanks, Alex (using python 3.4, Linux- Ubuntu LTS (14.4)) ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] pip install in a virtualenv *without* internet?
On 2015-08-19 04:28, Albert-Jan Roskam wrote: Date: Wed, 19 Aug 2015 02:27:41 -0700 From: aklei...@sonic.net To: tutor@python.org Subject: Re: [Tutor] pip install in a virtualenv *without* internet? On 2015-08-18 19:32, Mike C. Fletcher wrote: > To install without going out to the internet, you can use these > arguments: > > pip install --no-index --find-links=/path/to/download/directory > For this to work, /path/to/download/directory would, I assume, first have to be populated. I further assume that running wget from within that directory might do the trick. ..but, but wget requires an internet connection, which I do not have (at least not a normal one). But if you do have internet I think you could simply copy the URL-with-sha1, then for each package do wget regards, Albert-Jan I guess if you 'never' have an internet connection what I'm trying to do won't work, but I'm addressing a different use case: I have connectivity in some environments but would like to be able to do a pip install at times when there is no connectivity. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Do not understand why test is running.
On 2015-08-20 23:16, Peter Otten wrote: Yea, breaking things is an art form ;) $ python3 -m unittest -h usage: python3 -m unittest [-h] [-v] [-q] [-f] [-c] [-b] [tests [tests ...]] . For test discovery all test modules must be importable from the top level directory of the project. How is "top level directory of the project" defined in this context? Is it as far up as one can travel while passing through directories containing an __init__.py file? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] how to unittest cli input
"""
I'm trying to follow a test driven development paradigm (using
unittest) but can't figure out how to test functions that collect
info from the command line such as the following.
"""
# collect.py
def collect_data():
ret = {}
ret['first'] = input("Enter your first name: ")
ret['last'] = input("Enter your last name: ")
ret['phone'] = input("Your mobile phone #: ")
return ret
def main():
print(collect_data())
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
The following works:
$ python3 collect.py < cli_input
# cli_input
Alex
Kleider
415/868-1920
... but I don't know how to make it a unittest.
Thanks in advance for any suggestions.
Alex
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Re: [Tutor] how to unittest cli input
On 2015-10-10 18:10, Cameron Simpson wrote:
On 10Oct2015 17:41, Alex Kleider wrote:
I'm tOn 2015-10-10 18:10, Cameron Simpson wrote:
On 10Oct2015 17:41, Alex Kleider wrote:
I'm trying to follow a test driven development paradigm (using
unittest) but can't figure out how to test functions that
collect
info from the command line such as the following.
Aside: I'd say "the standard input" , not "the command line"; to me
the latter connotes to command line arguments fro sys.argv.
Point well taken! stdin it is. Ben suggested I should have used the
term "interactive" which certainly fits well.
Anyway, ...
..
However, you'r eusing input(), which unconditionally uses stdin and
stdout. In that circumstance I'd consider this:
def collect_data(src=None, out=None):
if src is None:
src = sys.stdin
if out is None:
out = sys.stdout
ostdin = sys.stdin
sys.stdin = src
ostdout = sys.stdout
sys.stdout = out
ret = {}
ret['first'] = input("Enter your first name: ")
... etc ...
sys.stdout = ostdout
sys.stdin = ostdin
Note that this is not thread safe because sys.stdin is a global, but
it should work for testing.
Anyway, perhap that gives you some way forward.
Yes indeed, and thank you for your input.
Here's where I'm going with your suggestion:
# collect.py
test_data = 'test_src.txt'
def data_collection_wrapper(collect, source=None):
"""
"""
if source:
ostdin = sys.stdin
ostdout = sys.stdout
src = open(source, 'r')
sys.stdin = src
out = open('/dev/null', 'w') # Dump the prompts.
sys.stdout = out
ret = collect()
if source:
src.close()
out.close()
sys.stdin = ostdin
sys.stdout = ostdout
return ret
def collect_data():
ret = {}
ret['first'] = input("Enter your first name: ")
ret['last'] = input("Enter your last name: ")
ret['phone'] = input("Your mobile phone #: ")
return ret
def main():
print(collect_data()) # < check that user input works
# then check that can test can be automated >
print(data_collection_wrapper(collect_data,
src=test_data))
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
Perhaps data_collection_wrapper could be made into a decorator (about
which I am still pretty naive.)
It'll take more studying on my part before I'll be able to implement
Ben's suggestion.
Alex
ps I was tempted to change the "Subject:" to remove 'cli' and replace it
with 'interactive' but remember many admonitions to not do that so have
left it as is.
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Re: [Tutor] how to unittest cli input
On 2015-10-11 14:52, Cameron Simpson wrote: Minor remark: I would write "if src is not None:". In principle the empty string is also "falsey" like None, making your plain "if src:" slightly unreliable. Be precise! 'precise' is good! Any comments about when/if to use 'if src != None:' vs 'if src is not None:'? (or 'if src == None:' vs 'if src is None:') ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] how to unittest cli input
On 2015-10-13 12:11, Danny Yoo wrote:
##
def make_ask(f, l, p):
d = {'Enter your first name: ' : f,
'Enter your last name: ' : l,
'Your mobile phone #: ' : p}
return d.get
##
This last line got my attention ("a dict has no such attribute"
but rather "it has a 'get' method")
but then the light went on: you've created a function that
returns a function. So many levels of abstraction!
Thanks for making things fall into place.
cheers,
Alex
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Re: [Tutor] how to unittest cli input
On 2015-10-13 14:44, Alex Kleider wrote:
On 2015-10-13 12:11, Danny Yoo wrote:
##
def make_ask(f, l, p):
d = {'Enter your first name: ' : f,
'Enter your last name: ' : l,
'Your mobile phone #: ' : p}
return d.get
##
This is an example of a 'closure' is it not?
ak
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Re: [Tutor] how to unittest cli input
On 2015-10-14 11:29, Danny Yoo wrote:
##
def make_ask(f, l, p):
d = {'Enter your first name: ' : f,
'Enter your last name: ' : l,
'Your mobile phone #: ' : p}
return d.get
##
This is an example of a 'closure' is it not?
Yes, though I try not to use the word "closure" because it's a
technical distinction that isn't really that useful for beginners
because it focuses on the implementation details. That is, when we
say the word "closure", we're emphasizing the fact that it's a
combination of code and the data that it needs to resolve the code's
free variables. And for this discussion, all I really cared about was
that we needed something that knows how to be "called". Anything that
distracts from that point is something I'm actively trying to avoid,
at least at first.
We could try to make the code look clever by doing something like:
make_ask = lambda f, l, p: (lambda key: {'Enter your first name: ' :
f, 'Enter your last name: ' : l, 'Your mobile phone #: ' : p}[key])
But this would be death to the point I was trying to make. :P
Thank you for 'making the point' and explaining it so well!
ak
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Re: [Tutor] how to unittest cli input
On 2015-10-14 12:27, Peter Otten wrote:
Alex Kleider wrote:
On 2015-10-13 14:44, Alex Kleider wrote:
On 2015-10-13 12:11, Danny Yoo wrote:
##
def make_ask(f, l, p):
d = {'Enter your first name: ' : f,
'Enter your last name: ' : l,
'Your mobile phone #: ' : p}
return d.get
##
This is an example of a 'closure' is it not?
It does not make big difference, but I would call the return value
"bound
method" rather than "closure". For me closure implies access to the
local
namespace of the enclosing function, e. g.
def make_ask(f, l, p):
d = {'Enter your first name: ' : f,
'Enter your last name: ' : l,
'Your mobile phone #: ' : p}
def get(key):
return d.get(key)
return get
Here d is looked up when get() is invoked. Let's make a modification to
demonstrate that the current binding of d is used:
def make_ask(f, l, p):
... d = {'Enter your first name: ' : f,
...'Enter your last name: ' : l,
...'Your mobile phone #: ' : p}
... def get(key):
... return d.get(key)
... def set_d(new_d):
... nonlocal d
... d = new_d
... return get, set_d
...
get, set_d = make_ask(*"abc")
get("Enter your first name: ")
'a'
class WontTell:
... def get(self, key): return "won't tell"
...
set_d(WontTell())
get("Enter your first name: ")
"won't tell"
Thank you, Peter, for your continued efforts to explain.
It is all getting pretty convoluted for my poor brain!
It took a very long time for me to figure out what the
class WontTell was all about.
I probably should follow Danny Yoo's advice and not concern
myself with this but my curiosity is roused.
ak
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Re: [Tutor] how to unittest cli input
On 2015-10-14 11:29, Danny Yoo wrote:
##
def make_ask(f, l, p):
d = {'Enter your first name: ' : f,
'Enter your last name: ' : l,
'Your mobile phone #: ' : p}
return d.get
##
This is an example of a 'closure' is it not?
Yes, though I try not to use the word "closure" because it's a
technical distinction that isn't really that useful for beginners
because it focuses on the implementation details. That is, when we
say the word "closure", we're emphasizing the fact that it's a
combination of code and the data that it needs to resolve the code's
free variables.
I've been pondering the above and am wondering why the use of
"...and the data that it needs to resolve the code's free variables."
rather than simply "...and the data needed by the code to do its job."
I think what I'm asking is what exactly is meant by 'free variables'
or put another way, what makes a variable 'free' or otherwise?
ak
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Re: [Tutor] accessing modules found throughout a package?
On 2015-10-17 19:49, Steven D'Aprano wrote: which will work from your package's callers, and from within the package itself provided the top level directory can be found within Python's path. Within the package you can also use relative imports, see the docs for more detail. How does one arrange so "the top level directory _can_ be found within Python's path."? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] accessing modules found throughout a package?
On 2015-10-18 08:07, Alex Kleider wrote:
On 2015-10-17 19:49, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
which will work from your package's callers, and from within the
package
itself provided the top level directory can be found within Python's
path. Within the package you can also use relative imports, see the
docs for more detail.
How does one arrange so "the top level directory _can_ be found within
Python's path."?
Is the answer to include the following at the beginning of each file?
if not 'path/to/top/level/package/directory' in sys.path:
sys.path.append('path/to/top/level/package/directory')
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Re: [Tutor] accessing modules found throughout a package?
On 2015-10-18 10:26, Alan Gauld wrote:
On 18/10/15 16:33, Alex Kleider wrote:
How does one arrange so "the top level directory _can_ be found
within
Python's path."?
Is the answer to include the following at the beginning of each file?
if not 'path/to/top/level/package/directory' in sys.path:
sys.path.append('path/to/top/level/package/directory')
You could, but you can also add it to your PYTHONPATH environment
variable.
It seems to not exist:
(venv)alex@x301:~/Py/CSV/debk$ echo $PYTHONPATH
Should I add the following to the end of my ~/.bashrc file?
export PYTHONPATH="$PYTHONPATH:/home/alex/Py"
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Re: [Tutor] accessing modules found throughout a package?
On 2015-10-18 18:01, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
On Sun, Oct 18, 2015 at 08:07:07AM -0700, Alex Kleider wrote:
On 2015-10-17 19:49, Steven D'Aprano wrote:
>which will work from your package's callers, and from within the
>package
>itself provided the top level directory can be found within Python's
>path. Within the package you can also use relative imports, see the
>docs for more detail.
How does one arrange so "the top level directory _can_ be found within
Python's path."?
Thank you, Alan, Martin, Ben and Steve.
I'm a long way from distributing packages! Rather I'm simply
writing scripts for personal use and would like to do it using
Test Driven Development- hence my wish to be able to reference
modules within my development directory.
I've been able to satisfy my needs by adding
export PYTHONPATH="${PYTHONPATH:+$PYTHONPATH:}/home/alex/Py"
to the end of my ~/.bashrc
although use of a setup.py file is probably the more 'pythonic'
way of doing it. From my reading so far [1] it's not clear to
me exactly how this works but a bit of experimentation might
rectify that.
Again, thank you.
Alex
[1]
https://docs.python.org/3/distutils/introduction.html#distutils-simple-example
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Re: [Tutor] Working collaboratively (was: accessing modules found throughout a package?)
On 2015-10-19 12:37, Ben Finney wrote: Alex Kleider writes: I'm a long way from distributing packages! You can keep working at your own pace, and that's good. But even better, I would strongly recommend that you work with other people early and frequently. Programming is fundamentally a process of collaboration and communication with other human programmers. The habits you form alone can be eccentric and unhelpful, with no-one to comment on strange habits you may be forming without even noticing until they are too deeply entrenched to easily avoid. Working frequently with others on the same code base will not only flush out these oddities, but also help you to appreciate the consensus decisions made in the past by the Python community as a whole. So, while it's not essential, I would heartily encourage you to pick some of the PyPI projects you are enjoying, or want to improve, and contact their maintainers with your offer to fix specific things. Work with other Python programmers on a common code base, and watch your skills broaden and improve! How I wish I could find such collaborator! Are there any "starter level" PyPi projects the maintainer of which might consider a novice collaborator? I would have assumed that such an animal doesn't exist. I do appreciate the advice. cheers, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Working collaboratively
On 2015-10-19 13:08, Emile van Sebille wrote: This looks like the list of identified issues: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/pypi/issues Browse through and see if anything looks interesting/doable. On 2015-10-19 13:34, Mark Lawrence wrote: How about https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/core-mentorship ? Thank you Emile and Mark for your suggestions. I fear that both are better suited to someone much more advanced than I! ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Working collaboratively
On 2015-10-19 15:18, Emile van Sebille wrote: On 10/19/2015 3:04 PM, Alex Kleider wrote: On 2015-10-19 13:08, Emile van Sebille wrote: This looks like the list of identified issues: https://bitbucket.org/pypa/pypi/issues Browse through and see if anything looks interesting/doable. On 2015-10-19 13:34, Mark Lawrence wrote: How about https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/core-mentorship ? Thank you Emile and Mark for your suggestions. I fear that both are better suited to someone much more advanced than I! You'd think so, but digging into any of the issues shown there and simply trying to locate where a change may help resolve the issue is itself a learning experience that'll do more for you taking your first step then watching from the sidelines. For example, take a look at http://bugs.python.org/issue25417 -- can you figure out what file this change may impact? (Note -- I haven't looked) Emile Inspired by your encouragement (for which I'm grateful,) I had a look: Here's the content of issue25417: """ The output of pydoc for Path.samefile currently reads pathlib.Path.samefile = samefile(self, other_path) Return whether `other_file` is the same or not as this file. (as returned by os.path.samefile(file, other_file)). It should arguably be something like pathlib.Path.samefile = samefile(self, other_path) Return whether `other_path` is the same or not as this file. (as returned by os.path.samefile(file, other_file)). or pathlib.Path.samefile = samefile(self, other_path) Return whether `other_path` is the same or not as this file. (as returned by os.path.samefile(str(self), str(other_path))). """ The author suggests that the output A should in fact be more along the lines of B or C but to my reading A==B==C! Am I missing something? I did look at the source: https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.5/Lib/pydoc.py How would one download the source? (i.e. the equivalent of git clone ...) Thanks, ak ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Working collaboratively
On 2015-10-20 01:02, Alan Gauld wrote: On 20/10/15 07:33, Alex Kleider wrote: Look closely at what the return value is called in each case. And see how it compares to the names in the signature. OOPS! Should have run over them with diff _before_ posting rather than after. Sorry about that. Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Create complex dictionary :p:
On 2015-10-22 14:50, Thomas C. Hicks wrote:
On 10/23/2015 05:19 AM, jarod_v6--- via Tutor wrote:
Hi!!I would like to prepare a dictionary with complex structure:
complex = {name ="value",surname="po",age=poi)
What is the most pythonic way to build a dictionary of
dictionary?thanks for any help!
This doesn't look too complex so I am probably missing something.
The normal dictionary construction would look something like this:
mydict = dict('name'='value', 'surname'='po','age'='poi')
Then you can access any given item in mydict with the get method:
mydict.get('name')
SDG,
tom
alex@x301:~$ python3
Python 3.4.3 (default, Jul 28 2015, 18:24:59)
[GCC 4.8.4] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
mydict = dict('name'='value', 'surname'='po','age'='poi')
File "", line 1
SyntaxError: keyword can't be an expression
my understanding is that you could have done it in either of the
following two ways:
1:mydict = dict(name='value', surname='po',age='poi')
2:mydict = {'name': 'value', 'surname': 'po','age': 'poi'}
Also, accessing any given item might be done as follows:
mydict['name']
rather than calling the get method, n'est pas?
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Re: [Tutor] Messy - Very Messy string manipulation.
On 2015-10-28 08:09, Vusa Moyo wrote:
Hi Guys,
I've written a script to remove vowels from a string/sentence.
the while loop I'm using below is to take care of duplicate vowels
found in
a sentence, ie
anti_vowel('The cow moos louder than the frog')
It works, but obviously its messy and n00by. Any suggestions on how I
can
write this code better?
def anti_vowel(text):
vowel = ['a', 'e', 'i', 'o', 'u']
VOWEL = ['A', 'E', 'I', 'O', 'U']
manip = []
for i in text:
manip.append(i)
fufu = 0
#
while fufu < 16:
for x in vowel:
if x in manip:
manip.remove(x)
for y in VOWEL:
if y in manip:
manip.remove(y)
fufu = fufu + 2
strong = ''.join(manip)
return strong
Thanks - Vusa
This struck me as a good place to utilize list comprehension.
VOWELS = 'aeiouAEIOU'
def remove_chars(s, chars2remove=VOWELS):
"""Returns the string s but without any of
the characters found in chars2remove.
If given only one parameter, defaults to removing vowels.
"""
s_as_list = [char for char in s]
without_chars2remove = [
char for char in s_as_list if char not in chars2remove]
# print(s_as_list) # for testing
# print(without_chars2remove) #ditto
return "".join(without_chars2remove)
if __name__ == "__main__":
print(remove_chars(
'The cow moos louder than the frog'))
There may be some other constructs (the string join method on the empty
string)
to which you haven't yet been exposed.
Confession: I'm submitting it probably as much to garner comments from
the
pundits as to help you.
cheers,
Alex
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Re: [Tutor] Messy - Very Messy string manipulation.
On 2015-10-28 09:37, Peter Otten wrote:
Vusa Moyo wrote:
I've written a script to remove vowels from a string/sentence.
the while loop I'm using below is to take care of duplicate vowels
found
in a sentence, ie
anti_vowel('The cow moos louder than the frog')
It works, but obviously its messy and n00by. Any suggestions on how I
can
write this code better?
(I'm assuming Python3)
'The cow moos louder than the frog'.translate(str.maketrans("", "",
"aeiouAEIOU"))
'Th cw ms ldr thn th frg'
I didn't know about the possibility of a third argument. Thanks, Peter.
from the docs:
"""
static str.maketrans(x[, y[, z]])
This static method returns a translation table usable for
str.translate().
If there is only one argument, it must be a dictionary mapping
Unicode ordinals (integers) or characters (strings of length 1) to
Unicode ordinals, strings (of arbitrary lengths) or None. Character keys
will then be converted to ordinals.
If there are two arguments, they must be strings of equal length,
and in the resulting dictionary, each character in x will be mapped to
the character at the same position in y. If there is a third argument,
it must be a string, whose characters will be mapped to None in the
result.
"""
Although not explicitly stated, I assume that if there is a third
argument, the first 2 will be ignored.
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[Tutor] interface
So far all my python programming has been done using print for output and (raw)input whenever user input is required. I'd like to learn how to provide a graphical interface. There are several choices with pros and cons to each but an alternative more general approach might be to use a web based interface which I believe would make the code less platform dependent. I'd be interested in any comments regarding this idea and would be grateful for any suggestions as to frameworks that might be helpful. I've been looking at django but finding the learning curve to be steep and it may not be the best solution. Of late I've been using Python3; my platform is Ubuntu 14.4. Thanks in advance for any guidance. Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] interface
Thank you, gentlemen (Alan, Ben, Mark,) for your advice. The consensus seems to be in favour of tkinter so I'll head in that direction. Cheers, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] interface
On 2015-12-16 17:42, boB Stepp wrote: On Mon, Dec 14, 2015 at 10:08 PM, Alex Kleider wrote: Thank you, gentlemen (Alan, Ben, Mark,) for your advice. The consensus seems to be in favour of tkinter so I'll head in that direction. If you are into books, "Programming Python, 4th ed." by Mark Lutz, has an extensive section on tkinter (Alan had pointed this out to me, and I have found Lutz's coverage very helpful). Plus the book (very thick!) has lots of other goodies. Also, the now old book, "Python and Tkinter Programming" by John E. Grayson is just about Tkinter (with a capital "T") as it is copyrighted 2000. Despite this I think it is still quite useful even if you are working in Python 3 as, as far as I can tell, t/Tkinter has not changed substantially in how the coding goes. I've settled on "Modern Tkinter" by Mark Roseman. His is the most recently published of the various references recommended and he makes the point that the "themed" (ttk) component is recent (and I assume not covered in the other sources.) I'd prefer a real book but have had to settle for the kindle edition:-) A pdf version may also be available. Another issue about which I'd like to hear comments has to do with how the imports are done. Roseman indicates that from tkinter import * from tkinter import ttk is the generally accepted way of doing the importing but the first line uses a syntax that is strongly discouraged so my inclination is to use import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk instead. Comments? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] interface
On 2015-12-18 14:13, Mark Lawrence wrote: On 18/12/2015 18:38, Alex Kleider wrote: Another issue about which I'd like to hear comments has to do with how the imports are done. Roseman indicates that from tkinter import * from tkinter import ttk is the generally accepted way of doing the importing but the first line uses a syntax that is strongly discouraged so my inclination is to use import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk instead. Comments? from xyz import * is The Road To Hell. Sticking with the explicit way of importing modules makes life so much easier in the long term that there is IMHO nothing to discuss. Vindicated! Thank you. Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] interface
On 2015-12-18 17:22, Alan Gauld wrote: FWIW My recent book Python Projects includes coverage of both ttk and Tix as well as core tkinter. But it's only designed to be a taster, it's not a complete reference. It's more about the general approach to putting a UI on an app than about any specific toolkit. I have it (the book by Laura Cassell and you!) The first chapter still has me stumbling! (Super, slots and property() were new to me.) Hadn't yet noticed the Tkinter section- thanks for pointing it out to me. import tkinter as tk from tkinter import ttk For production code this is better. And you can swap out Tkinter for Tix by just changing one line: import tkinter.tixix as tk # v3 or import Tix as tk# v2 So all the existing tk code carries on working but you now have access to the extra widgets in Tix too. First I've heard of Tix! Much to learn. Thanks, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] interface
On 2015-12-20 06:11, Alan Gauld wrote: On 20/12/15 02:21, Alex Kleider wrote: First I've heard of Tix! A potentially useful set of extra widgets on top of Tkinter. Unfortunately the Tkinter port of the original Tcl/Tk TIX package is incomplete and only reliable for about half the extended widgets (thankfully the most common ones such as scrolledList and a tabbed Notebook etc). The biggest disappointment is the Grid widget which theoretically should work but despite many attempts I've failed to get anything useful. It's on my todo list to spend some time either fixing it, or documenting how it works, or both... But because Tix is a superset of Tkinter I rarely use raw Tkinter nowadays I usually just start with Tix. Thanks for the background insight. How does Ttk (T for 'themed' I assume) fit in? is it used in addition to Tix (as it would be used in addition to tkinter) or is it an either/or situation? Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Using python 3 on Ubuntu 14.04
On 2015-12-23 14:58, Jim Byrnes wrote: I am in the process of moving from unbutu 12.04 to 14.04. I was doing some testing and got this: jfb@Jims-1404:~$ cd MyProgs jfb@Jims-1404:~/MyProgs$ cd passwords jfb@Jims-1404:~/MyProgs/passwords$ python3 passwords.py Traceback (most recent call last): File "passwords.py", line 8, in from PythonCard import model,clipboard ImportError: No module named 'PythonCard' If I simply start it with python passwords.py it runs fine. There is no need to use python 3 on this particular program but if I wanted to write for python 3 in the future what do I need to do to run programs with it? Thanks, Jim Jim, make #!/usr/bin/env python3 the very first line in your myscript.py file and change it's permissions with the following command: chmod 775 myscript.py Then you'll be able to run it simply by entering ./password.py on the command line. PS I don't think this will fix your current problem which is probably the result of importing something that exists with Python 2 but not 3- specifically PythonCard. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] method, type?
#!/usr/bin/env python3
# OS: Ubuntu 10.4LTS
# My code:
class JournalLineItem(object):
"""
"""
def __init__(self, account, debit_or_credit, amount):
self.account = account
self.debit_or_credit = debit_or_credit
self.amount = float(amount)
def show(self):
return ("ACNT: {} ${:0.2f} {}".
format(self.account, self.amount, self.debit_or_credit))
def get_line_item(text):
return JournalLineItem(*text.split())
def test():
print(
JournalLineItem.get_line_item("2435 Dr 25.33").show())
if __name__ == "__main__":
test()
myquestion = """
What kind of a method/function is get_line_item?
From what I've read (and not fully understood)
static methods and class methods must have
@staticmethod and @classmethod on the line above them.
get_line_item works as I wanted but it's clearly not the
usual type of method and I don't know how to categorize it.
It's an instance creator- is there a better term?
Is this 'Pythonic' code?
"""
as_always = """Thanks,
Alex Kleider"""
~
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Re: [Tutor] method, type?
Hoping this helps rather than confuses, Cameron Simpson It is no more confusing than what I had already read about static and class methods. I guess I was hoping for an easy explanation but such a thing probably doesn't exist. I'll have to slog through the explanation. Thank you for taking the trouble to help. It's much appreciated. Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] method, type?
Thank you to all who contributed to this thread. It has helped me immensely and I enjoyed some of the spirited discussion. Some of my notes follow (in case corrections are in order:-) my_notes = """ @staticmethod def s_method(param_but_no_self_or_cls): # An ordinary function that resides in the class to associate # its functionality with the class. pass Instance methods expect 'self'.| arranged implicitly when called Class methods expect 'cls'.| via instance or class. "factory" methods (typically called '.from_*') can be: 1. a normal function outside the class, or 2. a class method (would allow subclassing.) "alternative constructor" (what Petter Otten and Steven DAprano call it,) would be best placed immediately after __init__. Alan Gauld indicates that as initially written (without '@staticmethod') "it is not" ?a method/function? but a 'named constructor' which is not supported by Python, so it could be a 'class method.' He recommends making it a factory function (defined at the module level, outside the class.) Steven DAprano calls it a Python3 regular function/ a Python2 broken method and mentions the Descriptor protocol and how 'methods' are initially simply functions that are then converted to methods (bound) as required. In my case it would be an 'unbound' method which works in 3 but not in Python2. Cameron Simpson indicated that putting @staticmethod above my 'method' would be OK (although not preferred.) Present or absent, my method still functions the same way. The table provided by Peter Otten (very helpful:) - invoked with | @staticmethod | @classmethod| no decorator -- class| args unchanged | class as 1st arg | args unchanged instance | args unchanged | class as 1st arg | inst as 1st arg --- It suggests that use of the @staticmethod serves to protect one should the 'method' be called via an instance rather than the class. Has it any other effect? """ ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Organizing files
On 2016-01-11 04:51, Rene Werner wrote:
Hello list,
right now I am working on a couple of programming-related challenges.
The
challenges are sorted into problem sets, where each set contains a
number
of problems.
Because a lot of these problems rely on code that is often the same, I
have
put these parts into a seperate file, util.py, and I simply do
from util import *
in each solution. I have my solutions organized in different folders,
one
for each problem set:
set1/prob1.py
set1/prob2.py
set2/prob3.py
and so on. So far, I keep symlinking util.py in each set folder, so
e.g.
set1/util.py is a symlink to ../util.py. The same goes for set2, set3
and
so on. This works, but I get the feeling that it is clumsy and could be
done better.
What is the usual way in python do realize this in a way so that I
don't
have to symlink util.py for every problem set, but still have it
available?
Thank you very much for your time.
Kind regards
M.M.
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I used to do it with symlinks as well but what I do now I believe
is the preferred way.
I have all my Python work under a ~/Py directory (in my /home/alex
folder)
For each project I create a subfolder there: ~/Py/CurrentProject, or
~/Py/CP for short.
Under ~/Py/CP you can put all your other code organized in what ever way
suits you best.
The CP directory and every directory under it should contain an empty
file called __init__.py.
For example:
~/Py/CP
__init__.py
src
__init__.py
main.py
tests
__init__.py
test.py
test.py can import main.py with the following import statement:
import CP.src.main as main
as long as ~/Py is in your PYTHONPATH environment variable.
This can be set dynamically in your code but I do it by having the
following in my ~/.bashrc file:
export PYTHONPATH="${PYTHONPATH:+$PYTHONPATH:}/home/alex/Py"
I'm submitting this not because I am an expert, but because this is the
way I've learned to do it from postings on this list (for which I would
like again to express gratitude) and would be interested in hearing if I
got it right. So in a sense, it is a question rather than an answer.
ak
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Re: [Tutor] s.insert(i, x) explanation in docs for Python 3.4 confusing to me
On 2016-01-16 16:08, Alan Gauld wrote: On 16/01/16 23:56, Alan Gauld wrote: On 16/01/16 22:39, boB Stepp wrote: So in this model of understanding negative list indexing, should it be: mylist = [ 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 ] ^^^^^ ^ -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 ? Well, it has to be this; otherwise, the off-by-one error exist. This also continues to explain why mylist.insert(-1, x) inserts x *before* 500. But in this model, what should go in the place of "?"? -0 alex@x301:~$ python3 Python 3.4.3 (default, Oct 14 2015, 20:33:09) [GCC 4.8.4] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. mylist = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] mylist[0:None] [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] mylist[0:-0] [] -0 0 It appears that None provides a surrogate for -0 which itself evaluates to 0. I should have added a :-/ to that in case it wasn't obvious... It wasn't to me; could you please explain what you mean by ":-/" and/or where you should have added it? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] s.insert(i, x) explanation in docs for Python 3.4 confusing to me
On 2016-01-16 18:02, Cameron Simpson wrote: On 16Jan2016 18:43, boB Stepp wrote: This led me to try: mylist[:None] [100, 200, 300, 400, 500] So, in effect, None is acting as a place holder for that final position in slices. Also, I would never have thought to be able to use a logical "or" inside an index in Peter's "[:-i or None]". Yah, like the default value for many missing parameters. When you don't need an expression after the ":" you can of course write: mylist[:] much like writing a function "def f(x, y=None)"; None is a sentinel value - specially recognised as nor in the normal domain for that value. Can you please clarify the last bit: "specially recognised as nor in the normal domain for that value." thanks, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] s.insert(i, x) explanation in docs for Python 3.4 confusing to me
On 2016-01-17 02:18, Cameron Simpson wrote:
On 16Jan2016 22:42, Alex Kleider wrote:
On 2016-01-16 18:02, Cameron Simpson wrote:
much like writing a function "def f(x, y=None)"; None is a sentinel
value - specially recognised as nor in the normal domain for that
value.
Can you please clarify the last bit:
"specially recognised as nor in the normal domain for that value."
s/nor/not/
The domain of a function (or value) is the set of valid values it may
take. The range is the set of values it may produce.
A sentinel value is a special value you may encounter in a data set
(or as a value) which is _not_ part of the normal domain; often it
indicates the end of a sequence (hence the name, like a border guard).
In Python the special value None is often used as a sentinel value.
Since all names have _some_ value, if you need to indicate that this
name "isn't set" or "doesn't specify a valid value", you need a
sentinal value, often "None".
So the common idiom for default values in Python function definitions:
def func(a, b, c=None):
if c is None:
c = default-value-for-c
...
indicates that the parameters "a" and "b must be supplied, and "c" is
optional. If not supplied it will have the value "None". This is a
sentinel value so that "func" can distinguish a valid value from a
value not supplied.
You can also use them to indicate the end of data in some sense. If
you're looking at a text file as lines of printable characters, the
newline character at the end of the line could be considered a
sentinel. Also consider a Queue: there's no notion of "closed" in the
stdlib version, so one might put a None on the queue to indicate to
the consumer that there will be no more items.
It isn't always None. Sometimes you may want to pass None as normal
data, or you have no control over what is passed around. In that case
you might need to make a unique sentinel value entirely for your
object. The normal way to do this is simply to make a new object:
sentinel = object()
This is a minimal Python object which nobody else is using. Its value
is nothing special (or even meaningful), so you merely want to check
whether what you've got is that particular object, using "is".
Untested example sketch:
class SomethingLikeAQueue:
def __init__(self,..):
self.things = []
# private value to use as a sentinel, unique per instance
self._sentinel = object()
... whatever else ...
def put(self, value):
# public method to put a new value
if value is self._sentinel:
raise ValueError("you may not put the sentinel value")
self._put(value)
def _put(self, value):
# private method accepting any value including the sentinel
# we will use receipt of the sentinel to process the things and
stop # further acceptance of more things
if value is self._sentinel:
things = self.things
self.things = None # will make the .append blow up
... process things here maybe ...
else:
things.append(value) ??? self.things.append(value)
def close(self):
# send the sentinel to indicate no more things
self._put(self._sentinel)
Cheers,
Cameron Simpson
Thanks, Cameron; use of 'sentinel = object()' is a whole new (and
useful) concept for me.
May I trouble you further by specifically asking about 's/nor/not/'- I
don't get what that's about.
Has it to do with this 'nor':
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nor?
Sincerely,
Alex
ps Am I correct that towards the end of your code it should have been
self.things.append(value)
(about 17 lines above?? )
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Re: [Tutor] s.insert(i, x) explanation in docs for Python 3.4 confusing to me
Again, a personal thank you.
More often than not, when answering one thing, you teach me about
other things. The 'thing' thing is only the latest. Of course
I knew that using a name bound to a collection would effect the
contents of the collection but it would never have occurred to me
to use it to advantage as you describe.
Another "Ah, Ha!" experience.
Alex
On 2016-01-17 13:48, Cameron Simpson wrote:
On 17Jan2016 10:49, Alex Kleider wrote:
Can you please clarify the last bit:
"specially recognised as nor in the normal domain for that value."
s/nor/not/
May I trouble you further by specifically asking about 's/nor/not/'- I
don't get what that's about.
Ah. Ed, sed, vi, vim speak. Substitute: replace "nor" with "not". The
"nor" is a typo. I meant "not in the normal domain".
Has it to do with this 'nor':
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nor?
"Nor" is indeed a useful word, but it wasn't the word I intended.
[...]
It isn't always None. [...]
you might need to make a unique sentinel value entirely for your
object. The normal way to do this is simply to make a new object:
sentinel = object()
This is a minimal Python object which nobody else is using. Its value
is nothing special (or even meaningful), so you merely want to check
whether what you've got is that particular object, using "is".
Untested example sketch:
class SomethingLikeAQueue:
def __init__(self,..):
self.things = []
# private value to use as a sentinel, unique per instance
self._sentinel = object()
... whatever else ...
def put(self, value):
# public method to put a new value
if value is self._sentinel:
raise ValueError("you may not put the sentinel value")
self._put(value)
def _put(self, value):
# private method accepting any value including the sentinel
# we will use receipt of the sentinel to process the things and
stop # further acceptance of more things
if value is self._sentinel:
things = self.things
self.things = None # will make the .append blow up
... process things here maybe ...
else:
things.append(value) ??? self.things.append(value)
def close(self):
# send the sentinel to indicate no more things
self._put(self._sentinel)
[...]
ps Am I correct that towards the end of your code it should have been
self.things.append(value)
Yes. I probably let myself be lazy because of the earlier "things =
self.things" in the "true" branch of the "if", where I did it to keep
the former value of "things" for processing before scrubbing
self.things. Of course, that way lies buggy code.
I do occasionally pull various object attributes into local variables
for performance and readability; when I do that it really should be
right at the top of the function just after any parameter processing,
thus:
class Foo:
def method(self, foo, bar):
things = self.things
for item in foo:
things.append(item) # or whatever
There are usually two reasons I would do that ("things = self.things"
at the top): (a) for readability if I'm going to be saying "things" a
lot - "self.things" may be cumbersome/wordy, making the code very
verbose or (b) for performance.
To the latter: saying "self.things" requires Python to look up the
things attribute in "self" every time you use it; if you put it into a
local variable then Python has direct access to it from the function
scope - in CPython his is very efficient, and likely so in other
Python implementations.
Don't forget that because both "self.things" and "things" refer to the
same list object (in the example earlier) there's no need to have any
final "self.things = things" because both are acting on the same list.
Cheers,
Cameron Simpson
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[Tutor] mock
Some weeks (perhaps months) ago, I posted a question about testing
and got many responses but had trouble grasping the concepts
so I settled on the suggestion that I thought would be the easiest
to implement (using unittest.mock.) Here it is-
"""
from Peter Otten:
I find Ben's example instructive, but when you're just starting you
might prefer a simpler approach:
import unittest
from unittest import mock
import mycode
class TestCollectData(unittest.TestCase):
def test(self):
with mock.patch(
"builtins.input",
side_effect=["foo", "bar", "baz"]):
self.assertEqual(
mycode.collect_data(),
dict(first="foo", last="bar", phone="baz"))
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()
"""
I've successfully implemented mock.patch parameters but don't
understand how to implement the parameters for the assertEqual
call as it pertains to my particular situation.
My current code sort of does the job but determinating success or
failure is not really automated.
It's Python 3 on Ubuntu 14.4LTS.
My test code and the tested code follow. Any suggestions would be
most welcome. Thanks in advance.
Alex
Test Code:
#!../../venv/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# vim: set file encoding=utf-8
"""
Attempt to automate testing of menu module.
"""
import unittest
from unittest import mock
import menu
class MenuTests(unittest.TestCase):
def test_create_new(self):
with mock.patch("builtins.input",
side_effect=['1', 'testentity', '', '0']):
menu.menu()
if __name__ == '__main__': # code block to run the application
unittest.main()
Tested code:
#!../../venv/bin/python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# vim: set file encoding=utf-8
"""
A simple menu model used to format a question
about how to test using unittest.mock.
"""
class Entities(object):
"""
Keep track of the entities including a default.
Expect only one instance which will be a global.
"""
def __init__(self, list_of_entities, default=''):
self._list = list_of_entities
self.default = default
def get_default(self):
return self.default
def reset_default(self, default=''):
self.default = default
def get_list(self):
return self._list
def add(self, new_entity, set_default=False):
"""
Adds another entity returning it to signal success.
Returns None if entity is unacceptable.
"""
if (not new_entity in self._list
and new_entity.isalnum()
and new_entity[0:1].isalpha()):
self._list.append(new_entity)
if set_default:
self.reset_default(new_entity)
return new_entity
else:
print("Failing to add an invalid entity: '{}'."
.format(new_entity))
def get_new_entity(self):
"""
Prompts user for a new entity which, if valid, is
returned after being appended to list and set as default.
Returns None if fails to create a new entity.
"""
while True:
new_entity = input("Pick name for new entity: ")
if not new_entity: return
if new_entity != self.add(new_entity, set_default=True):
continue
else:
return new_entity
def remove(self, entity2remove):
if not entity2remove in self.get_list():
print("Can't remove '{}': not in the list."
.format(entity2remove))
return
if entity2remove == self.get_default():
self.reset_default()
self._list = [entity for entity in self._list
if entity!=entity2remove]
def show_listing(self):
"""
Returns a string listing the available entities.
Empty string if there are no entities.
"""
return ''.join(["\n\t{}".format(entity)
for entity in self.get_list()])
def entity_choice(self, set_default=False):
"""
Prompts the user to choose from the list.
Returns a valid choice or None.
Can optionally set the default to the chosen entity.
"""
list_of_entities= self.get_list()
if not list_of_entities:
print("There are no entities from which to choose.")
return
default_line = ''
if self.default:
default_line = ("\n\t_: Default is '{}', just hit enter."
.format(self.default))
menu = ('\n'.join(["\t{}: {}".format(n, entity)
for (n, entity) in enumerate(list_of_entities, 1)])
+ default_line)
while True:
option = input(
"""Choose one of the following:
{}
\t0: to exit.
Pick an entity: """.format(menu))
default = self.get_default()
if (option=='' or option=='_') and default:
Re: [Tutor] Enumerate vs DictReader object manipulation:
On 2016-02-03 13:24, Ben Finney wrote: You have discovered the difference between an iterable (an object you can iterate over with ‘for’), versus a sequence (an object whose items remain in place and can be iterated many times). Every sequence is an iterable, but not vice versa. File objects are iterables, but not sequences. Each time you ask for the next item, you can't ask the file object for that item again; it is “consumed” by the act of iteration. How does a dict fit into this scheme? Is it a sequence? It is an iterable (in that for key in d: works although not in a predictable manner and for this reason I tend NOT to think of it as a sequence.) ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Enumerate vs DictReader object manipulation:
On 2016-02-04 01:46, Oscar Benjamin wrote: You can see an explanation of the different collection terminology here: https://docs.python.org/2/library/collections.html#collections-abstract-base-classes A dict is a Mapping and a set is a Set. Both also comes under the categories Sized, Iterable, and Container. -- Oscar Thanks for the clarification. It caused me to go down the path a bit farther... The following link might be helpful in this context: http://blog.wachowicz.eu/?p=132 ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Recommendations for best tool to write/run Python
I've not noticed anyone mention vimtutor which might be helpful. On a Mac or Linux system, from the command line simply type "vimtutor" and with in 1/2 to 1 hour you'll know enough to use vim _and_ be in a position to decide if it's the editor for you. I've been told vim can also be had on the Redmond OS but I've no experience there. Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] Object-Oriented Analysis by Peter Coad & Edward Yourdon
The above cited book was mentioned in a recent thread (by Alan I think.) I acquired the book but it isn't at all what I expected and I've no use for it. If he or anyone else would like it, I'm happy to send it along. Just let me know an address[1] to which to send it. Cheers, Alex [1] I'm happy to pay for postage for US and could also send to GB (a friend is visiting and could carry it back and mail locally.) Else where might be more expensive than it's worth. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Detect the folder of a file
On 2016-04-26 16:16, Oliver Bestwalter wrote: sys.executable '/home/obestwalter/.pyenv/versions/3.4.4/envs/tmp/bin/python3.4' Not sure if this helps but perhaps: alex@X301:~/Py$ which python /usr/bin/python alex@X301:~/Py$ . venv/bin/activate (venv)alex@X301:~/Py$ which python /home/alex/Py/venv/bin/python (venv)alex@X301:~/Py$ [Ubuntu 14.04 LTS] ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] "List" object is not callable
On 2016-04-30 11:51, Jason N. via Tutor wrote: Hello, I found this simple script online but when I execute it I get the following error: "TypeError: 'list' object is not callable" Here is the code sample:import subprocess ls_output= subprocess.check_output(['dir']) It works on my system: Ubuntu 14.04LTS (venv)alex@X301:~$ python Python 3.4.3 (default, Oct 14 2015, 20:33:09) [GCC 4.8.4] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. import subprocess ls_output= subprocess.check_output(['dir']) ls_output b'Airbnb\tBookSite CURRENT Documents examples.desktop\tJs\t nextWIFI\t OpenWRT Py\t Solar ToDo\t WARNING\nARM\tC\t debk\t double gnupg.other\tLEFTOFFnode_modules Pathagar Rachel Templates toDoAtLoft wishes\nAVR\tclosures Desktop Downloads GPL\t\tLibreboot Notes\t Pictures SaskTest Videos\t WWW\nbin\tContacts Docbook Encrypted HTML5\t\tMusic\t OLPC\t\t Publicski\t tmp\t vim_rewrap\n' exit() (venv)alex@X301:~$ dir Airbnb BookSite CURRENT Documents examples.desktop Js nextWIFI OpenWRT Py Solar ToDo WARNING ARM C debk double gnupg.other LEFTOFFnode_modules Pathagar Rachel Templates toDoAtLoft wishes AVR closures Desktop Downloads GPL Libreboot Notes Pictures Sask Test Videos WWW bin Contacts Docbook Encrypted HTML5 Music OLPC Publicski tmp vim_rewrap (venv)alex@X301:~$ man dir Perhaps you are using a linux command on a non linux (?Windows) system. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Study Tips
On 2016-05-30 12:02, boB Stepp wrote: ... Are you totally new to programming in *any* language? If yes, you have much more to learn than *just* a programming language. I am going to assume that you are very new to programming in general. Forgive me if I am mistaken! But if you are, then some of the things you must learn that are language-independent: With the above comments in mind, this might be worth looking at: http://openbookproject.net/thinkcs/python/english3e/ I cut my teeth on the original version which was Python 2.7 based and was just the thing meeting the criteria mentioned by Bob. I assume the Python 3 version has the same merits. Best wishes, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] OT: Recommendations for a Linux distribution to dual-boot with Win7-64 bit
On 2016-06-27 20:48, Steven D'Aprano wrote: Also Debian. Not Ubuntu. Can you elaborate why you specifically exclude Ubuntu? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] OT: Recommendations for a Linux distribution to dual-boot with Win7-64 bit
On 2016-06-28 11:46, David Rock wrote: Here’s my take on a lot of this (it’s similar to what’s been said already, so this is more of a general philosophy of distros). Very interesting reading for which I thank you. I'd be interested in knowing if you'd make a distinction between 'the latest Ubuntu' and their LTS releases? My approach has been to use LTS releases only and not bother with the ones in between. Comments? a ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
[Tutor] project directory structure
I'm still struggling with what is the best way to set up a project directory. All the sources I've read seem to agree that one should have a top level project directory under which one might expect to find the following: COPYING.txt # or LICENSE.txt README.rst setup.py and if the project consists of only one .py file, it also goes here but if there is to be more than one module, the code should be in a subdirectory of the same name as the top level one so we now have something like the following: MyProject COPYING.txt # or LICENSE.txt MyProject data/ src/ module1.py module2.py tests/ test1.py test1.py README.rst setup.py Assuming the latter scenario, where should one run virtualenv -p python3 venv? ... at the top level or within the second level? During development I would expect to have MyProject/MyProject as my working directory most of the time and hence think venv should be there but perhaps it should be the level above so that it encompasses setup.py. The main reason I want to get this right is because all my .py files begin with a shebang line of the form #!../venv/bin/python3 which uses a relative path so the choice I make will determine if I use the above or #!../../venv/bin/python3 Any advice would be appreciated. Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] project directory structure
On 2016-08-25 21:27, Ben Finney wrote: That's exactly the wrong thing to do. Your shebang line should *not* assume a custom location of the Python interpreter. It's the responsibility of the operating system or virtualenv to provide the Python interpreter command in a standard place. Instead, use: #! /usr/bin/env python3 or: #! /usr/bin/python3 and leave it to the operating system and the virtualenv to provide the Python interpreter correctly. Thanks, Ben, for your input. Am I to assume that if I have activated a virtualenv, then the following shebang #!/usr/bin/env python will use the python specified in the venv/bin/? ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] project directory structure
On 2016-08-26 21:58, Ben Finney wrote: Alex Kleider writes: Am I to assume that if I have activated a virtualenv, then the following shebang #!/usr/bin/env python will use the python specified in the venv/bin/? Yes, the purpose of that shebang is to tell the OS that *whichever* ‘python’ command is found first, is the one to use. Thanks for clarifying. It was only after poking around and experimenting that I discovered that what the virtualenv activate command actually does is place its bin directory at the beginning of the PYTHONPATH environment variable- something I've no where seen explicitly documented. cheers, Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] project directory structure
On 2016-08-27 15:23, c...@zip.com.au wrote: On 27Aug2016 09:06, Alex Kleider wrote: On 2016-08-26 21:58, Ben Finney wrote: Alex Kleider writes: Am I to assume that if I have activated a virtualenv, then the following shebang #!/usr/bin/env python will use the python specified in the venv/bin/? Yes, the purpose of that shebang is to tell the OS that *whichever* ‘python’ command is found first, is the one to use. Thanks for clarifying. It was only after poking around and experimenting that I discovered that what the virtualenv activate command actually does is place its bin directory at the beginning of the PYTHONPATH environment variable- something I've no where seen explicitly documented. Shouldn't that be $PATH? Yes indeed- typing too quickly short circuiting the brain! Good that it's been pointed out. It does this so that running "python" will find the virtulenv "python" command ahead of others, which is its design requirement. The venv "python" then does essentially the same thing internally with sys.path to achieve the same effect for python module imports. Cheers, Cameron Simpson ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Error: 'IndexedVar' object is not callable
On 2016-09-09 11:50, Pooja Bhalode wrote: Hi everyone, I was getting this error which read ' 'IndexedVar' object is not callable ' for a variable type. You haven't provided much information but it seems to me you are calling IndexedVar as though it were a function but it probably isn't a function. some_name(zero_or_more_parameters) is a function call, calling some_name. If some_name hasn't been defined as a function: def some_name(): do something then you can expect the error you got. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Error: 'IndexedVar' object is not callable
On 2016-09-09 18:13, Steven D'Aprano wrote: Please read this article first for how you can improve the chances of getting good answers to your questions: http://sscce.org/ In addition to the link Seven provides above, I've also found the following to be worth perusing: http://www.catb.org/esr/faqs/smart-questions.html ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Python help
On 2016-10-15 15:48, Nicholas Hopkins wrote:
Hello
Please tell me what is wrong with my code and how I can put an if else
statement inside of another if else statement
This is my code:
path = input('Which path number will you take?')
if path == '1':
print('You took the first path')
elif path == '2':
print('You choose to take the second path')
print('You see a rock')
rock == input('Do you want to pick up the rock')
if rock == 'yes':
print('you picked up the rock')
else:
print('You left the rock')
elif path == '3':
print('You choose to take the third path')
else:
print('You must choose a number between 1 and 3')
it comes up with this error
[cid:image001.png@01D22792.63CCF290]
Can't see your error (text only list) but it's probably due to
indentation problems.
Why do you have only the first line not indented?
Also check indentation of lines 7, 8 and 10.
Thanks
Sent from Mail for
Windows 10
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[Tutor] run local script on a remote machine
I've got three files as follows:
1:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# file: experiment.py
#
# A simple python program that takes parameters.
import sys
info = sys.argv[1:]
print(info)
with open("/home/alex/junk.txt", 'w') as file_object:
for item in info:
file_object.write(''.join((item,'\n')))
2:
#!/bin/bash
#
# file: call.sh
# Demonstrates running a local python script on another host
# with command line arguments specified locally.
ssh -p22 alex@10.10.10.10 python3 -u - one two three <
/home/alex/Py/BackUp/Sandbox/Scripted/experiment.py
3:
#!/usr/bin/env python3
#
# file: call.py
import os
import shlex
import subprocess
script = "/home/alex/Py/BackUp/Sandbox/Scripted/experiment.py"
if os.path.isfile(script):
print("File exists on local machine.")
else:
print("No such file.")
command = (
"ssh -p22 alex@10.10.10.10 python3 -u - one two three < {}"
.format(script))
ret = subprocess.call(shlex.split(command))
if ret:
print("Command failed!!")
else:
print("All's well.")
Running the shell script (2) executes a single shell command and leaves
the junk.txt file at 10.10.10.10 as desired.
Calling the same shell command using the subprocess module from with in
a python script (3) does not work:
alex@X301n3:~/Py/BackUp/Sandbox/Scripted$ ./call.py
File exists on local machine.
bash: /home/alex/Py/BackUp/Sandbox/Scripted/experiment.py: No such file
or directory
Command failed!!
I'm doing this using Ubuntu14.04LTS.
Thanks in advance for any suggestions as to how to proceed.
Alex
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Re: [Tutor] run local script on a remote machine
On 2016-10-27 00:57, Wolfgang Maier wrote: The structure of the command you are trying to execute would require you to set the "shell" argument of subprocess.call to True. Specifically, the "<" redirection operator is shell functionality. Thank you Wolfgang. Simply eliminating the call to shlex.split() made everything work as desired. . as long as you promise to NEVER use that code in production with user input. The problem with it is that it may allow users to inject shell commands as they like exactly because whatever ends up in the command string gets interpreted by the shell. I promise! Thanks again. Alex _ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] run local script on a remote machine
On 2016-10-27 00:22, Cameron Simpson wrote:
On 26Oct2016 10:44, Alex Kleider wrote:
command = (
"ssh -p22 alex@10.10.10.10 python3 -u - one two three < {}"
.format(script))
ret = subprocess.call(shlex.split(command))
This is not fine.
..
http://bobby-tables.com/
Thanks for the warning. I'm aware of the injection problem and should
have mentioned that the code exposed itself to this only because I was
trying to make it as short as possible to demonstrate the problem.
The second problem, and the one causing your immediate issue, is the
use of shlex.split.
Eliminating it made things work as desired.
Hoping this clarifies what's going on and how to go forward.
It does that indeed. Thank you very much.
Please feel free to ask any questions that occur.
Also gratitude to you and the others on this list that are so generous
with your advice.
Sincerely,
Alex
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Re: [Tutor] how to move an executable into path
On 2016-11-27 16:26, Steven D'Aprano wrote: snip.. I fully admit some snark about Firefox. snip.. I've been using Firefox on Ubuntu for years and haven't recognized any difficulties although I don't use it for much other than email, searching, and occasionally shopping. I would be interested in knowing your browser of choice- obviously not Safari! Alex ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] help :making window
On 2016-12-31 09:35, Joel Goldstick wrote: Semicolon (;) isn't used in python as a statement separator alex@X301n3:/mnt$ python3 Python 3.4.3 (default, Nov 17 2016, 01:11:57) [GCC 4.8.4] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. gee = "really"; print(gee) really Considered 'bad style' by many, but it does appear to be part of the language. ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Basic Tutorial for Python
On 2017-02-06 08:13, Hüseyin Ertuğrul wrote: Hello all, I am a system engineer and I want to learn python language. I don't know any program language and I need tutorial for beginner or for dummies. By the way I want to see basic example codes for practice. What is your suggestion for that case. Allen B. Downey's book served me very well when I first got interested in Python; he's now got a Python 3 version as well. It's available free on the web, or you can buy the book on Amazon and elsewhere. http://greenteapress.com/wp/think-python/ ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
Re: [Tutor] Error when trying to use classes
On 2017-02-07 07:34, Rafael Skovron wrote:
I'm trying to learn how to use Classes but I keep getting NameErrors
no
matter what code I put into the script.
Any ideas why?
Assuming the code you've edited using vim is in a file mymodule.py
And after invoking the interpreter you issue the following:
import mymodule.py
your instantiation statement needs to be
rafael = mymodule.Customer('rafael', 100.0)
Alternatively you can use the following import statement (not generally
recommended:)
from mymodule import Customer
My general workflow is I edit in vim, then invoke python3 interpreter,
import the module and try to use the Class and methods from the class.
For example, importing customer.py and assigning this object yields:
rafael = Customer('rafael',100.0)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
NameError: name 'Customer' is not defined
class Customer(object):
"""A customer of ABC Bank with a checking account. Customers have
thefollowing properties:
Attributes:name: A string representing the customer's
name.balance: A float tracking the current balance of the
customer's account."""
def __init__(self, name, balance=0.0):
"""Return a Customer object whose name is *name* and starting
balance is *balance*."""
self.name = name
self.balance = balance
def withdraw(self, amount):
"""Return the balance remaining after withdrawing *amount*
dollars."""
if amount > self.balance:
raise RuntimeError('Amount greater than available
balance.')
self.balance -= amount
return self.balance
def deposit(self, amount):
"""Return the balance remaining after depositing *amount*
dollars."""
self.balance += amount
return self.balance
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Re: [Tutor] Test for type(object) == ???
On 2017-02-10 17:34, boB Stepp wrote: I was playing around with type() tonight. . I've also "played around" with this subject- Here's a source: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/152580/whats-the-canonical-way-to-check-for-type-in-python ... and a successful experiment: alex@X301n3:~$ python3 Python 3.4.3 (default, Nov 17 2016, 01:11:57) [GCC 4.8.4] on linux Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. type(5) is int True isinstance(5, int) True ___ Tutor maillist - Tutor@python.org To unsubscribe or change subscription options: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/tutor
