[PATCH v5] cacheflush.2: Document __builtin___clear_cache() as a more portable alternative
Reported-by: Heinrich Schuchardt Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar --- man2/cacheflush.2 | 24 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+) diff --git a/man2/cacheflush.2 b/man2/cacheflush.2 index aba625721..7a2eed506 100644 --- a/man2/cacheflush.2 +++ b/man2/cacheflush.2 @@ -86,6 +86,30 @@ On Linux, this call first appeared on the MIPS architecture, but nowadays, Linux provides a .BR cacheflush () system call on some other architectures, but with different arguments. +.SH NOTES +Unless you need the finer grained control that this system call provides, +you probably want to use the GCC built-in function +.BR __builtin___clear_cache (), +which provides a portable interface +across platforms supported by GCC and compatible compilers: +.PP +.in +4n +.EX +.BI "void __builtin___clear_cache(void *" begin ", void *" end ); +.EE +.in +.PP +On platforms that don't require instruction cache flushes, +.BR __builtin___clear_cache () +has no effect. +.PP +.IR Note : +Until GCC 9.1.0, +the prototype for this built-in function used +.I char * +instead of +.I void * +for the parameters. .SH BUGS Linux kernels older than version 2.6.11 ignore the .I addr -- 2.29.2 ___ linux-snps-arc mailing list linux-snps-arc@lists.infradead.org http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-snps-arc
[PATCH] cacheflush.2: Document Architecture-specific variants
Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar --- Hi Michael, Please apply this patch after '[PATCH v5] cacheflush.2: Document __builtin___clear_cache() as a more portable alternative'. Thanks, Alex man2/cacheflush.2 | 42 ++ 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+) diff --git a/man2/cacheflush.2 b/man2/cacheflush.2 index fc35f1a0b..0761b429a 100644 --- a/man2/cacheflush.2 +++ b/man2/cacheflush.2 @@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ cacheflush \- flush contents of instruction and/or data cache .PP .BI "int cacheflush(char *" addr ", int "nbytes ", int "cache ); .fi +.PP +.IR Note : +On some architectures, +there is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES. .SH DESCRIPTION .BR cacheflush () flushes the contents of the indicated cache(s) for the @@ -87,6 +91,44 @@ but nowadays, Linux provides a .BR cacheflush () system call on some other architectures, but with different arguments. .SH NOTES +.SS Architecture-specific variants +Glibc provides a wrapper for this system call, +with the prototype shown in SYNOPSIS, +for the following architectures: +ARC, CSKY, MIPS, and NIOS2. +.PP +On some other architectures, +Linux provides this system call, with different arguments: +.TP +M68K: +.PP +.in +4n +.EX +.BI "int cacheflush(unsigned long " addr ", int " scope ", int " cache , +.BI " unsigned long " len ); +.EE +.in +.TP +SH: +.PP +.in +4n +.EX +.BI "int cacheflush(unsigned long " addr ", unsigned long " len ", int " op ); +.EE +.in +.TP +NDS32: +.PP +.in +4n +.EX +.BI "int cacheflush(unsigned int " start ", unsigned int " end ", int " cache ); +.EE +.in +.PP +On the above architectures, +glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using +.BR syscall (2). +.SS GCC alternative Unless you need the finer grained control that this system call provides, you probably want to use the GCC built-in function .BR __builtin___clear_cache (), -- 2.29.2 ___ linux-snps-arc mailing list linux-snps-arc@lists.infradead.org http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-snps-arc
[PATCH v6] cacheflush.2: Document __builtin___clear_cache() as a more portable alternative
Reported-by: Heinrich Schuchardt Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar Cc: Martin Sebor Cc: Dave Martin --- v6: - GCC has always exposed 'void *', as Martin Sebor noted. It's Clang (and maybe others) that (following GCC's docs) exposed 'char *'. man2/cacheflush.2 | 24 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+) diff --git a/man2/cacheflush.2 b/man2/cacheflush.2 index aba625721..7a2eed506 100644 --- a/man2/cacheflush.2 +++ b/man2/cacheflush.2 @@ -86,6 +86,30 @@ On Linux, this call first appeared on the MIPS architecture, but nowadays, Linux provides a .BR cacheflush () system call on some other architectures, but with different arguments. +.SH NOTES +Unless you need the finer grained control that this system call provides, +you probably want to use the GCC built-in function +.BR __builtin___clear_cache (), +which provides a portable interface +across platforms supported by GCC and compatible compilers: +.PP +.in +4n +.EX +.BI "void __builtin___clear_cache(void *" begin ", void *" end ); +.EE +.in +.PP +On platforms that don't require instruction cache flushes, +.BR __builtin___clear_cache () +has no effect. +.PP +.IR Note : +On some GCC-compatible compilers, +the prototype for this built-in function uses +.I char * +instead of +.I void * +for the parameters. .SH BUGS Linux kernels older than version 2.6.11 ignore the .I addr -- 2.29.2 ___ linux-snps-arc mailing list linux-snps-arc@lists.infradead.org http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-snps-arc
[PATCH] cacheflush.2: Update SYNOPSIS for glibc wrapper
Glibc uses 'void *' instead of 'char *'.
And the prototype is declared in .
..
$ syscall='cacheflush';
$ ret='int';
$ find glibc/ -type f -name '*.h' \
|xargs pcregrep -Mn "(?s)^[\w\s]*${ret}\s*${syscall}\s*\(.*?;";
glibc/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/nios2/sys/cachectl.h:27:
extern int cacheflush (void *__addr, const int __nbytes, const int __op)
__THROW;
glibc/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/sys/cachectl.h:35:
extern int cacheflush (void *__addr, const int __nbytes, const int __op)
__THROW;
glibc/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arc/sys/cachectl.h:30:
extern int cacheflush (void *__addr, int __nbytes, int __op) __THROW;
glibc/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/csky/sys/cachectl.h:30:
extern int cacheflush (void *__addr, const int __nbytes,
const int __op) __THROW;
Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar
---
man2/cacheflush.2 | 4 ++--
1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
diff --git a/man2/cacheflush.2 b/man2/cacheflush.2
index 2cf624f3a..0496879ca 100644
--- a/man2/cacheflush.2
+++ b/man2/cacheflush.2
@@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
cacheflush \- flush contents of instruction and/or data cache
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
-.B #include
+.B #inlcude
.PP
-.BI "int cacheflush(char *" addr ", int "nbytes ", int "cache );
+.BI "int cacheflush(void *" addr ", int "nbytes ", int "cache );
.fi
.PP
.IR Note :
--
2.30.0
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[RFC] cacheflush.2: Document different prototypes for different architectures
/sysv/linux/m68k/syscalls.list: Add cacheflush. glibc/ChangeLog.old/ChangeLog.4:205:* sysdeps/mach/mips/cacheflush.c: New file. glibc/ChangeLog.old/ChangeLog.18:40858: * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/nios2/cacheflush.c: New file. glibc/ChangeLog.old/ChangeLog.ports-tile:700: * sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/tile/cacheflush.c: New file. grep: glibc/.git/index: binary file matches $ grep -rn -e 'sys_cacheflush' -e 'SYSCALL_DEFINE.(cacheflush,' linux/ | grep -v -e '/arc/' -e '/csky/' -e '/mips/' -e '/nios2/' tools/testing/selftests/futex/functional/usr/include/linux/capability.h:251:/* Allow flushing all cache on m68k (sys_cacheflush) */ include/uapi/linux/capability.h:253:/* Allow flushing all cache on m68k (sys_cacheflush) */ arch/m68k/kernel/sys_m68k.c:376:/* sys_cacheflush -- flush (part of) the processor cache. */ arch/m68k/kernel/sys_m68k.c:378:sys_cacheflush (unsigned long addr, int scope, int cache, unsigned long len) arch/m68k/kernel/sys_m68k.c:531:/* sys_cacheflush -- flush (part of) the processor cache. */ arch/m68k/kernel/sys_m68k.c:533:sys_cacheflush (unsigned long addr, int scope, int cache, unsigned long len) arch/m68k/kernel/syscalls/syscall.tbl:133:123 common cacheflush sys_cacheflush arch/sh/kernel/sys_sh.c:57:/* sys_cacheflush -- flush (part of) the processor cache. */ arch/sh/kernel/sys_sh.c:58:asmlinkage int sys_cacheflush(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, int op) arch/sh/kernel/syscalls/syscall.tbl:133:123 common cacheflush sys_cacheflush arch/arm/include/asm/cacheflush.h:263: * This is used for the ARM private sys_cacheflush system call. arch/nds32/include/uapi/asm/unistd.h:15:__SYSCALL(__NR_cacheflush, sys_cacheflush) arch/nds32/include/asm/syscalls.h:7:asmlinkage long sys_cacheflush(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, unsigned int op); arch/nds32/kernel/sys_nds32.c:29:SYSCALL_DEFINE3(cacheflush, unsigned int, start, unsigned int, end, int, cache) Rendered page (NOTES only): [ NOTES Architecture-specific variants Glibc provides a wrapper for this system call, with the pro‐ totype shown in SYNOPSIS, for the following architectures: ARC, CSKY, MIPS, and NIOS2. // lowercase? On some other architectures, Linux provides this system call with different arguments: M68K: int cacheflush(unsigned long addr, int scope, int cache, unsigned long len); SH: int cacheflush(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, int op); NDS32: int cacheflush(unsigned int start, unsigned int end, int cache); // ARM?? GCC alternative Unless you need the finer grained control that this system call provides, you probably want to use the GCC built-in function __builtin___clear_cache(), which provides a portable interface across platforms supported by GCC and compatible compilers: void __builtin___clear_cache(void *begin, void *end); On platforms that don't require instruction cache flushes, __builtin___clear_cache() has no effect. Note: On some GCC-compatible compilers, such as clang, the prototype for this function uses char * instead of void * for the parameters. ] 'GCC alternative' is the name I gave to the NOTES from the other thread, which aren't yet merged (I'll send the patches after the weekend, probably). Subsections based on: fadvise64(2) Can you review this? Thanks, Alex -- Alejandro Colomar Linux man-pages comaintainer; https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ http://www.alejandro-colomar.es ___ linux-snps-arc mailing list linux-snps-arc@lists.infradead.org http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-snps-arc
Re: [RFC] cacheflush.2: Document different prototypes for different architectures
Hi Heinrich, Good. BTW, it looks like internally LLVM uses 'void *'[1], but Clang exposes 'char *'[2] in the prototype. Weird... I reported the bug yesterday: https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=48489 Thanks, Alex [1]: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/414d3dc62c706f41226b0d552210c79f5080df43/compiler-rt/lib/builtins/clear_cache.c#L59 [2]: https://github.com/llvm/llvm-project/blob/7faf62a80bfc3a9dfe34133681fcc31f8e8d658b/clang/include/clang/Basic/Builtins.def#L583 On 12/12/20 12:52 AM, Heinrich Schuchardt wrote: > On 12/11/20 10:09 PM, Alejandro Colomar (man-pages) wrote: >> Hi Michael, >> >> Continuing with the changes in this thread: >> https://lore.kernel.org/linux-man/747d56e0-c102-ab40-add4-530a48a43...@gmx.de/T/#t >> >> >> I researched the architectures that have this syscall. I found some >> that clearly provide the syscall, and some that seem to have something, >> but I didn't find a definition in the kernel (i.e., ARM, MicroBlaze >> (glibc only)?) > > arch/arm/include/uapi/asm/unistd.h:35: > #define __ARM_NR_cacheflush (__ARM_NR_BASE+2) > > arch/arm64/include/asm/unistd.h:37: > #define __ARM_NR_compat_cacheflush (__ARM_NR_COMPAT_BASE + 2) > > These syscalls are marked as private. So you should not use them from > user space. > > The compilers seem not to care about these syscalls being private: > > https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libgcc/config/arm/lib1funcs.S#L1512 > > https://github.com/llvm-mirror/compiler-rt/blob/master/lib/builtins/clear_cache.c > > > Best regards > > Heinrich [...] >> Rendered page (NOTES only): >> >> [ >> NOTES >> Architecture-specific variants >> Glibc provides a wrapper for this system call, with the pro‐ >> totype shown in SYNOPSIS, for the following architectures: >> ARC, CSKY, MIPS, and NIOS2. // lowercase? >> >> On some other architectures, Linux provides this system call >> with different arguments: >> >> M68K: >> >> int cacheflush(unsigned long addr, int scope, int cache, >> unsigned long len); >> >> SH: >> >> int cacheflush(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, int >> op); >> >> NDS32: >> >> int cacheflush(unsigned int start, unsigned int end, int >> cache); >> >> GCC alternative >> Unless you need the finer grained control that this system >> call provides, you probably want to use the GCC built-in >> function __builtin___clear_cache(), which provides a portable >> interface across platforms supported by GCC and compatible >> compilers: >> >> void __builtin___clear_cache(void *begin, void *end); >> >> On platforms that don't require instruction cache flushes, >> __builtin___clear_cache() has no effect. >> >> Note: On some GCC-compatible compilers, such as clang, the >> prototype for this function uses char * instead of void * for >> the parameters. >> >> ] >> >> 'GCC alternative' is the name I gave to the NOTES from the other thread, >> which aren't yet merged (I'll send the patches after the weekend, >> probably). >> >> Subsections based on: >> fadvise64(2) >> >> Can you review this? >> >> Thanks, >> >> Alex >> > ___ linux-snps-arc mailing list linux-snps-arc@lists.infradead.org http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-snps-arc
Ping: [PATCH v6] cacheflush.2: Document __builtin___clear_cache() as a more portable alternative
Ping On 12/15/20 2:30 PM, Alejandro Colomar wrote: > Reported-by: Heinrich Schuchardt > Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar > Cc: Martin Sebor > Cc: Dave Martin > --- > > v6: > - GCC has always exposed 'void *', as Martin Sebor noted. > It's Clang (and maybe others) that (following GCC's docs) > exposed 'char *'. > > man2/cacheflush.2 | 24 > 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+) > > diff --git a/man2/cacheflush.2 b/man2/cacheflush.2 > index aba625721..7a2eed506 100644 > --- a/man2/cacheflush.2 > +++ b/man2/cacheflush.2 > @@ -86,6 +86,30 @@ On Linux, this call first appeared on the MIPS > architecture, > but nowadays, Linux provides a > .BR cacheflush () > system call on some other architectures, but with different arguments. > +.SH NOTES > +Unless you need the finer grained control that this system call provides, > +you probably want to use the GCC built-in function > +.BR __builtin___clear_cache (), > +which provides a portable interface > +across platforms supported by GCC and compatible compilers: > +.PP > +.in +4n > +.EX > +.BI "void __builtin___clear_cache(void *" begin ", void *" end ); > +.EE > +.in > +.PP > +On platforms that don't require instruction cache flushes, > +.BR __builtin___clear_cache () > +has no effect. > +.PP > +.IR Note : > +On some GCC-compatible compilers, > +the prototype for this built-in function uses > +.I char * > +instead of > +.I void * > +for the parameters. > .SH BUGS > Linux kernels older than version 2.6.11 ignore the > .I addr > -- Alejandro Colomar Linux man-pages comaintainer; https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ http://www.alejandro-colomar.es/ ___ linux-snps-arc mailing list linux-snps-arc@lists.infradead.org http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-snps-arc
Ping: [PATCH] cacheflush.2: Document Architecture-specific variants
Ping On 12/14/20 3:38 PM, Alejandro Colomar wrote: > Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar > --- > > Hi Michael, > > Please apply this patch after > '[PATCH v5] cacheflush.2: Document __builtin___clear_cache() as a more > portable alternative'. > > Thanks, > > Alex > > man2/cacheflush.2 | 42 ++ > 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+) > > diff --git a/man2/cacheflush.2 b/man2/cacheflush.2 > index fc35f1a0b..0761b429a 100644 > --- a/man2/cacheflush.2 > +++ b/man2/cacheflush.2 > @@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ cacheflush \- flush contents of instruction and/or data > cache > .PP > .BI "int cacheflush(char *" addr ", int "nbytes ", int "cache ); > .fi > +.PP > +.IR Note : > +On some architectures, > +there is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES. > .SH DESCRIPTION > .BR cacheflush () > flushes the contents of the indicated cache(s) for the > @@ -87,6 +91,44 @@ but nowadays, Linux provides a > .BR cacheflush () > system call on some other architectures, but with different arguments. > .SH NOTES > +.SS Architecture-specific variants > +Glibc provides a wrapper for this system call, > +with the prototype shown in SYNOPSIS, > +for the following architectures: > +ARC, CSKY, MIPS, and NIOS2. > +.PP > +On some other architectures, > +Linux provides this system call, with different arguments: > +.TP > +M68K: > +.PP > +.in +4n > +.EX > +.BI "int cacheflush(unsigned long " addr ", int " scope ", int " cache , > +.BI " unsigned long " len ); > +.EE > +.in > +.TP > +SH: > +.PP > +.in +4n > +.EX > +.BI "int cacheflush(unsigned long " addr ", unsigned long " len ", int " op > ); > +.EE > +.in > +.TP > +NDS32: > +.PP > +.in +4n > +.EX > +.BI "int cacheflush(unsigned int " start ", unsigned int " end ", int " > cache ); > +.EE > +.in > +.PP > +On the above architectures, > +glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using > +.BR syscall (2). > +.SS GCC alternative > Unless you need the finer grained control that this system call provides, > you probably want to use the GCC built-in function > .BR __builtin___clear_cache (), > -- Alejandro Colomar Linux man-pages comaintainer; https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ http://www.alejandro-colomar.es/ ___ linux-snps-arc mailing list linux-snps-arc@lists.infradead.org http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-snps-arc
Re: [PATCH] cacheflush.2: Document Architecture-specific variants
On 12/20/20 9:54 PM, Michael Kerrisk (man-pages) wrote: > Hi Alex > > On 12/14/20 3:38 PM, Alejandro Colomar wrote: >> Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar >> --- >> >> Hi Michael, >> >> Please apply this patch after >> '[PATCH v5] cacheflush.2: Document __builtin___clear_cache() as a more >> portable alternative'. > > Thanks. Applied. > >> man2/cacheflush.2 | 42 ++ >> 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+) >> >> diff --git a/man2/cacheflush.2 b/man2/cacheflush.2 >> index fc35f1a0b..0761b429a 100644 >> --- a/man2/cacheflush.2 >> +++ b/man2/cacheflush.2 >> @@ -31,6 +31,10 @@ cacheflush \- flush contents of instruction and/or data >> cache >> .PP >> .BI "int cacheflush(char *" addr ", int "nbytes ", int "cache ); >> .fi >> +.PP >> +.IR Note : >> +On some architectures, >> +there is no glibc wrapper for this system call; see NOTES. >> .SH DESCRIPTION >> .BR cacheflush () >> flushes the contents of the indicated cache(s) for the >> @@ -87,6 +91,44 @@ but nowadays, Linux provides a >> .BR cacheflush () >> system call on some other architectures, but with different arguments. >> .SH NOTES >> +.SS Architecture-specific variants >> +Glibc provides a wrapper for this system call, >> +with the prototype shown in SYNOPSIS, >> +for the following architectures: >> +ARC, CSKY, MIPS, and NIOS2. >> +.PP >> +On some other architectures, >> +Linux provides this system call, with different arguments: >> +.TP >> +M68K: >> +.PP >> +.in +4n >> +.EX >> +.BI "int cacheflush(unsigned long " addr ", int " scope ", int " cache , >> +.BI " unsigned long " len ); >> +.EE >> +.in > > I made the formatting rather: > > [[ > .TP > M68K: > .nf > .BI "int cacheflush(unsigned long " addr ", int " scope ", int " cache , > .BI " unsigned long " len ); > .fi > ]] > > That's for consistency wqith the SYNOPSIS sections, where .EX/.EE > isn't used. Ahh. Right! Thanks, Alex > >> +.TP >> +SH: >> +.PP >> +.in +4n >> +.EX >> +.BI "int cacheflush(unsigned long " addr ", unsigned long " len ", int " op >> ); >> +.EE >> +.in >> +.TP >> +NDS32: >> +.PP >> +.in +4n >> +.EX >> +.BI "int cacheflush(unsigned int " start ", unsigned int " end ", int " >> cache ); >> +.EE >> +.in >> +.PP >> +On the above architectures, >> +glibc does not provide a wrapper for this system call; call it using >> +.BR syscall (2). >> +.SS GCC alternative >> Unless you need the finer grained control that this system call provides, >> you probably want to use the GCC built-in function >> .BR __builtin___clear_cache (), > > > Cheers, > > Michael > > > -- Alejandro Colomar Linux man-pages comaintainer; https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/ http://www.alejandro-colomar.es/ ___ linux-snps-arc mailing list linux-snps-arc@lists.infradead.org http://lists.infradead.org/mailman/listinfo/linux-snps-arc
Re: [PATCH] cacheflush.2: Update SYNOPSIS for glibc wrapper
Hi Michael,
On 1/17/21 9:34 PM, Michael Kerrisk (man-pages) wrote:
> Hi Alex,
>
> On 1/16/21 3:56 PM, Alejandro Colomar wrote:
>> Glibc uses 'void *' instead of 'char *'.
>> And the prototype is declared in .
D'oh!
>>
>> ..
>>
>> $ syscall='cacheflush';
>> $ ret='int';
>> $ find glibc/ -type f -name '*.h' \
>> |xargs pcregrep -Mn "(?s)^[\w\s]*${ret}\s*${syscall}\s*\(.*?;";
>> glibc/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/nios2/sys/cachectl.h:27:
It is defined in
Please fix that.
Thanks,
Alex
>> extern int cacheflush (void *__addr, const int __nbytes, const int __op)
>> __THROW;
>> glibc/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/mips/sys/cachectl.h:35:
>> extern int cacheflush (void *__addr, const int __nbytes, const int __op)
>> __THROW;
>> glibc/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/arc/sys/cachectl.h:30:
>> extern int cacheflush (void *__addr, int __nbytes, int __op) __THROW;
>> glibc/sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/csky/sys/cachectl.h:30:
>> extern int cacheflush (void *__addr, const int __nbytes,
>> const int __op) __THROW;
>>
>> Signed-off-by: Alejandro Colomar
>
> Thanks. Patch applied.
>
> Cheers,
>
> Michael
>
>> ---
>> man2/cacheflush.2 | 4 ++--
>> 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
>>
>> diff --git a/man2/cacheflush.2 b/man2/cacheflush.2
>> index 2cf624f3a..0496879ca 100644
>> --- a/man2/cacheflush.2
>> +++ b/man2/cacheflush.2
>> @@ -27,9 +27,9 @@
>> cacheflush \- flush contents of instruction and/or data cache
>> .SH SYNOPSIS
>> .nf
>> -.B #include
>> +.B #inlcude
s/cacheflush.h/cachectl.h/
>> .PP
>> -.BI "int cacheflush(char *" addr ", int "nbytes ", int "cache );
>> +.BI "int cacheflush(void *" addr ", int "nbytes ", int "cache );
>> .fi
>> .PP
>> .IR Note :
>>
>
>
--
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Linux man-pages comaintainer; https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/
http://www.alejandro-colomar.es/
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