For your last question, the function 10 needs to be defined inside of function
nine (lexical scoping), something like:
nine <- function(a) {
ten <- function(d) {
b <<- 10
print(paste("(ten) b=",b))
print(paste("(ten) d=",d))
d
}
b <- 9
ten(a)
print(paste("(nine) b=",b))
}
For the question on returning multiple variables from a function, this has been
discussed on the list before and some solutions posted, so if you really want
to do it, you can search the archives and find the solution. But, I would
recommend against going that route. The standard way to return multiple
variables from a function in R is to use a list (as you found).
Using assign or <<- you can write variables to the global workspace, but this
is generally a bad idea. Remember that R is a data analysis environment in
addition to a programming language, it is likely at some point that you will
run the function a second time (if not, then it is not worth the effort to get
fancy) and then the assign approaches will overwrite your previous results (see
fortune(181)).
The list approach has many advantages, your A, B, and c variables presumably
are somehow related to each other, in a list they are grouped and that
relationship is clear (it is also easier housekeeping to delete/save/copy/etc
them as a group rather than individually). If you save them as separate
variables then you lose that grouping and it can be difficult remembering which
A goes with which B. Before I learned to use lists, I would often have a
workspace with x and y that went together, then xx and yy, x1 and x2 with yyyy,
etc. and it became very confusing very fast, much simpler to have lists/data
frames with x and y variables. Having the separate variables at the global
level seems more convenient at first, but functions like "with" and "within"
give much of the same convenience and many tools work on lists/data frames
easily.
<dismount soapbox>
Hope this helps,
--
Gregory (Greg) L. Snow Ph.D.
Statistical Data Center
Intermountain Healthcare
greg.s...@imail.org
801.408.8111
> -----Original Message-----
> From: r-help-boun...@r-project.org [mailto:r-help-boun...@r-
> project.org] On Behalf Of Scott Hyde
> Sent: Tuesday, June 02, 2009 9:30 PM
> To: r-help@r-project.org
> Subject: [R] Return variable assignments from a function
>
> I'd like to perform return variable assignments like matlab. For
> example,
> the following function would return A, B, and c to the script that
> called
> it.
>
> =================================
> function [A,B,c] = simple(m,n)
> A=[ 3 2; 3 3]
> B=m
> c=1:n
> =================================
>
> I'd like to do similar assignments in R, but I seem to be able to only
> return one variable. I tried to use a list to return all the
> arguments, but
> then each has to be referred to using the list. For example:
>
> =================================
> simple <- function(m,n) {
> A=matrix(c(3,3,2,3),2,2)
> B=m
> c=1:n
> list(A=A,B=B,c=c)
> }
>
> > stuff=simple(2,3)
> > stuff
> $A
> [,1] [,2]
> [1,] 3 2
> [2,] 3 3
>
> $B
> [1] 2
>
> $c
> [1] 1 2 3
> =================================
>
> Then I could assign each variable like this (which is what I'd like to
> avoid):
>
> =================================
> A=stuff$A
> B=stuff$B
> c=stuff$c
> rm(stuff) #stuff isn't needed anymore.
> =================================
>
>
> I've even toyed with the superassignment operator, which also works,
> but I
> think it doesn't work for functions of functions. The following
> example
> works.
>
> =================================
> simple2 <- function(m,n) {
> A <<- matrix(c(3,3,2,3),2,2)
> B <<- m
> c <<- 1:n
> }
>
> > stuff2=simple2(2,3)
> > stuff2
> [1] 1 2 3
> > A
> [,1] [,2]
> [1,] 3 2
> [2,] 3 3
> > B
> [1] 2
> > c
> [1] 1 2 3
> =================================
>
> In the example below, I call the function ten inside the function nine.
> I'm
> expecting that the variable b should change only in the function nine
> (and
> not in the global environment). In other words, I think the line
> "(nine) b=
> 9" should be "(nine) b= 10".
>
> Can someone help me know how to do this correctly?
>
> -Scott
>
> =================================
> nine = function(a) {
> b <- 9
> ten(a)
> print(paste("(nine) b=",b))
> }
>
> ten = function(d) {
> b <<- 10
> print(paste("(ten) b=",b))
> print(paste("(ten) d=",d))
> d
> }
>
> > nine(5)
> [1] "(ten) b= 10"
> [1] "(ten) d= 5"
> [1] "(nine) b= 9"
> > b
> [1] 10
> =================================
>
> [[alternative HTML version deleted]]
>
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> PLEASE do read the posting guide http://www.R-project.org/posting-
> guide.html
> and provide commented, minimal, self-contained, reproducible code.
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