Hello, I am trying to translate a mathematical formula into R. The formula (or rather a set of formulas) is meant to determine the first outlier in a sequence of measurements. To do this, a parameter r is calculated; this is essentially the ratio between the variance of the value x and the sum of the variances of the x-1 elements of the series. x follows a certain distribution (namely, sigmoid), whereas r follows a cumulative empirical one. The text says: "Each r is distributed as t under the model. Therefore, we can test the hypothesis whether a single observation deviates from the model by comparing r with the t distribution, where F(´) is the cumulative distribution function of the t distribution: P-value = 2 * [1 ± F(1 ± |r|)] " I generated a cumulative function with ``` cum_fun = ecdf(abs(x[1:n]) ``` which gives me: ``` > n=3 > Empirical CDF Call: ecdf(abs(x{1:n]) x[1:3] = 5.5568, 6.5737, 7.2471 ``` But now how can I determine if x belongs to the distribution? If I do, as in the formula: ``` > p = 2 * (1-cum_fun) Error in 1 - cum_fun : non-numeric argument to binary operator ``` Can I get a p-value associated with this association? Thank you
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