oauth: Let validators provide failure DETAILs

At the moment, the only way for a validator module to report error
details on failure is to log them separately before returning from
validate_cb. Independently of that problem, the ereport() calls that we
make during validation failure partially duplicate some of the work of
auth_failed().

The end result is overly verbose and confusing for readers of the logs:

    [768233] LOG:  [my_validator] bad signature in bearer token
    [768233] LOG:  OAuth bearer authentication failed for user "jacob"
    [768233] DETAIL:  Validator failed to authorize the provided token.
    [768233] FATAL:  OAuth bearer authentication failed for user "jacob"
    [768233] DETAIL:  Connection matched file ".../pg_hba.conf" line ...

Solve both problems by making use of the existing logdetail pointer
that's provided by ClientAuthentication. Validator modules may set
ValidatorModuleResult->error_detail to override our default generic
message.

The end result looks something like

    [242284] FATAL:  OAuth bearer authentication failed for user "jacob"
    [242284] DETAIL:  [my_validator] bad signature in bearer token
        Connection matched file ".../pg_hba.conf" line ...

Reported-by: Álvaro Herrera <[email protected]>
Reported-by: Zsolt Parragi <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Chao Li <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Daniel Gustafsson <[email protected]>
Reviewed-by: Zsolt Parragi <[email protected]>
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/202601241015.y5uvxd7oxnfs%40alvherre.pgsql

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/d438a36591c58f60e0748b341855ec5519e1e3b4

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/oauth-validators.sgml               | 23 ++++++++++++--
src/backend/libpq/auth-oauth.c                   | 24 +++++++-------
src/backend/libpq/auth.c                         |  2 +-
src/include/libpq/oauth.h                        | 14 +++++++++
src/test/modules/oauth_validator/t/001_server.pl | 40 +++++++++++++++++++++++-
src/test/modules/oauth_validator/validator.c     | 29 +++++++++++++++++
6 files changed, 116 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

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