I have the same, or at least similar issue as @Adam.

I also have a Sandisk Ultra USB Flash Drive (but 64 GB). It is
recognized and mounted by the operating system when I plug it in
directly to my laptop's USB 3.0 ports. I also use a USB 3.0 4-port hub
to allow connection of mouse, keyboard, (and ideally, flash drives). The
laptop, mouse, keyboard and hub work well together. I presume mouse and
keyboard use USB 2.0.

However, when I connect the Flash Drive thru the USB hub, it isn't
recognized. See outputs of "lsusb" below.

(In fact, if I wait for 10-30min, sometimes it is recognized, suggesting
that some system event triggers recognition. I'm alerted by the
appearance of a mounted drive on the system. However, this
recognition/mounting is usually temporary.)

MY SYSTEM:
    OS: Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
    Linux Release: 4.15.0-33-generic
    Linux Version: #36-Ubuntu SMP Wed Aug 15 16:00:05 UTC 2018

    Laptop: Lenovo T580 Thinkpad (2 x USB 3.0 ports)
    USB Hub: Targus ACH124 4-Port Hub (USB 3.0)
    Drive: Sandisk Ultra USB Flash Drive (USB 3.0)

Note that the same hub and flash drive worked well together on an older
laptop (with USB 2.0 ports) using an older OS (Ubuntu 16.04). They also
used to work well with the current laptop and OS, but not after suspend.
I'm guessing that a kernel or OS update/patch changed this behaviour.

There seem to be several reports of drives having difficulty being recognised 
under USB 3.0 protocols, suggesting the problem lies in the USB 3.0 
implementation within the linux kernel. Some of these reports involve USB hubs, 
for example:
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/linux/+bug/1693842
https://www.reddit.com/r/archlinux/comments/678lri/usb_3_ports_no_longer_working/

Below are outputs from command "lsusb" under both scenarios. The flash
drive appears as "SanDisk Corp. Ultra". The hub appears as "Genesys
Logic, Inc. 4-port hub"

OUTPUT OF "lsusb" - Flash Drive Connected thru Hub
--------------------------------------------------
    Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
    Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
    Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0bda:0316 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. 
    Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
    Bus 001 Device 007: ID 06cb:009a Synaptics, Inc. 
    Bus 001 Device 006: ID 04f2:b604 Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd 
    Bus 001 Device 003: ID 04f2:b613 Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd 
    Bus 001 Device 018: ID 1bcf:0002 Sunplus Innovation Technology Inc. 
    Bus 001 Device 017: ID 05e3:0610 Genesys Logic, Inc. 4-port hub
    Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub


OUTPUT OF "lsusb" - Flash Drive Connected Directly to Laptop
------------------------------------------------------------
    Bus 004 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
    Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
    Bus 002 Device 002: ID 0bda:0316 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. 
    Bus 002 Device 011: ID 0781:5581 SanDisk Corp. Ultra
    Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
    Bus 001 Device 007: ID 06cb:009a Synaptics, Inc. 
    Bus 001 Device 006: ID 04f2:b604 Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd 
    Bus 001 Device 003: ID 04f2:b613 Chicony Electronics Co., Ltd 
    Bus 001 Device 018: ID 1bcf:0002 Sunplus Innovation Technology Inc. 
    Bus 001 Device 017: ID 05e3:0610 Genesys Logic, Inc. 4-port hub
    Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/1775487

Title:
  Sandisk Ultra USB 3.0 Flash Drive doesn't work in USB 3 ports

Status in linux package in Ubuntu:
  Incomplete

Bug description:
  I have a 128 GB Sandisk Ultra USB Flash Drive. It works when I plug it
  into a USB 2.0 port, or if I partially insert it into a USB 3.0 port
  (so the USB 3 pins don't make contact).

  Here's what lsusb says about it:

  Bus 001 Device 005: ID 0781:5581 SanDisk Corp. Ultra

  And dmesg from a successful connection:

  [ 1269.667097] usb 3-1.4: new high-speed USB device number 6 using xhci_hcd
  [ 1269.779871] usb 3-1.4: New USB device found, idVendor=0781, idProduct=5581
  [ 1269.779875] usb 3-1.4: New USB device strings: Mfr=1, Product=2, 
SerialNumber=3
  [ 1269.779878] usb 3-1.4: Product: Ultra
  [ 1269.779880] usb 3-1.4: Manufacturer: SanDisk
  [ 1269.779883] usb 3-1.4: SerialNumber: 4C530001080228105161
  [ 1269.780937] usb-storage 3-1.4:1.0: USB Mass Storage device detected
  [ 1269.781346] scsi host10: usb-storage 3-1.4:1.0
  [ 1270.800187] scsi 10:0:0:0: Direct-Access     SanDisk  Ultra            
1.00 PQ: 0 ANSI: 6
  [ 1270.800733] sd 10:0:0:0: Attached scsi generic sg3 type 0
  [ 1270.800919] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdd] 240254976 512-byte logical blocks: (123 
GB/115 GiB)
  [ 1270.801887] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdd] Write Protect is off
  [ 1270.801891] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdd] Mode Sense: 43 00 00 00
  [ 1270.802269] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdd] Write cache: disabled, read cache: enabled, 
doesn't support DPO or FUA
  [ 1270.811703]  sdd: sdd1
  [ 1270.813869] sd 10:0:0:0: [sdd] Attached SCSI removable disk

  But if I insert the drive all the way into a USB 3.0 port on a hub, I
  get nothing. And on a USB 3.0 port on the machine directly, I get this
  in dmesg:

  [ 1395.230629] xhci_hcd 0000:03:00.0: Cannot set link state.
  [ 1395.230641] usb usb2-port4: cannot disable (err = -32)
  [ 1396.966273] xhci_hcd 0000:03:00.0: Cannot set link state.
  [ 1396.966285] usb usb2-port4: cannot disable (err = -32)
  [ 1398.706493] xhci_hcd 0000:03:00.0: Cannot set link state.
  [ 1398.706505] usb usb2-port4: cannot disable (err = -32)
  [ 1400.446161] xhci_hcd 0000:03:00.0: Cannot set link state.
  [ 1400.446172] usb usb2-port4: cannot disable (err = -32)
  [ 1402.182073] xhci_hcd 0000:03:00.0: Cannot set link state.
  [ 1402.182085] usb usb2-port4: cannot disable (err = -32)
  ...repeats until unplugged...

  It doesn't show up in lsusb in the USB 3.0 port.

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 18.04
  Package: linux-image-4.15.0-22-generic 4.15.0-22.24
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 4.15.0-22.24-generic 4.15.17
  Uname: Linux 4.15.0-22-generic x86_64
  NonfreeKernelModules: zfs zunicode zavl icp zcommon znvpair
  ApportVersion: 2.20.9-0ubuntu7.1
  Architecture: amd64
  CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME
  Date: Wed Jun  6 18:22:35 2018
  GvfsMonitorError:
   This tool has been deprecated, use 'gio mount' instead.
   See 'gio help mount' for more info.
  HotplugNewDevices:
   
  HotplugNewMounts:
   
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2017-08-06 (304 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 17.04 "Zesty Zapus" - Release amd64 (20170412)
  ProcEnviron:
   TERM=xterm-256color
   PATH=(custom, no user)
   XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=<set>
   LANG=en_US.UTF-8
   SHELL=/bin/bash
  SourcePackage: linux-signed
  Symptom: storage
  UpgradeStatus: Upgraded to bionic on 2018-05-29 (8 days ago)

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