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commit af55286713959830abb597a7939f561ad8f60d95
Author: Robert Lazarski <[email protected]>
AuthorDate: Mon Apr 6 18:25:44 2026 -1000

    openapi-mcp: add Axis2 JSON-RPC format docs, auth annotations, MCP 2025 
hints
    
    Driven by gaps identified against Python rapi-mcp, pyRapi, and
    internal-alpha-theory-mcp.
    
    OpenApiSpecGenerator.generateMcpCatalogJson():
    - Add catalog-level _meta object documenting the Axis2 JSON-RPC
      transport contract (axis2JsonRpcFormat, contentType, authHeader,
      tokenEndpoint) — MCP clients need this to call services without
      an intermediary proxy
    - Add x-axis2-payloadTemplate per tool: {"opName":[{"arg0":{}}]}
      (the wrapping format mandated by JsonUtils.invokeServiceClass())
    - Add x-requiresAuth per tool: false for loginService (token endpoint),
      true for all other services — mirrors the two-phase auth flow in
      pyRapi/auth.py and rapi-mcp/server/rapi/api.py
    - Add MCP 2025-03-26 annotations per tool (readOnlyHint, destructiveHint,
      idempotentHint, openWorldHint) — conservative defaults, overridable
      via @McpTool annotations (future work)
    
    SwaggerUIHandler.handleMcpCatalogRequest():
    - Add Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store — catalog must not be cached
      as service list changes on deployment
    
    Tests (McpCatalogGeneratorTest, McpCatalogHandlerTest):
    - 30+ new test methods covering _meta, payload template structure,
      auth annotations, MCP 2025 annotations, Cache-Control, security headers
    
    New test file McpAxis2PayloadTest.java (30 tests):
    - Structural validation of the Axis2 JSON-RPC payload template format
    - Two-phase auth flow (loginService → Bearer → protected service)
    - pyRapi format compatibility ({"doLogin":[{"arg0":{}}]})
    - All-tools consistency checks (template key matches tool name, etc.)
    
    Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <[email protected]>
---
 .../apache/axis2/openapi/OpenApiSpecGenerator.java |  36 ++
 .../org/apache/axis2/openapi/SwaggerUIHandler.java |   3 +
 .../apache/axis2/openapi/McpAxis2PayloadTest.java  | 472 +++++++++++++++++++++
 .../axis2/openapi/McpCatalogGeneratorTest.java     | 218 ++++++++++
 .../axis2/openapi/McpCatalogHandlerTest.java       |  94 +++-
 5 files changed, 822 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git 
a/modules/openapi/src/main/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/OpenApiSpecGenerator.java
 
b/modules/openapi/src/main/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/OpenApiSpecGenerator.java
index dce127e498..c147685c99 100644
--- 
a/modules/openapi/src/main/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/OpenApiSpecGenerator.java
+++ 
b/modules/openapi/src/main/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/OpenApiSpecGenerator.java
@@ -649,6 +649,19 @@ public class OpenApiSpecGenerator {
             com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper jackson =
                     new com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper();
             com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode root = 
jackson.createObjectNode();
+
+            // Catalog-level metadata so MCP clients understand the transport 
layer.
+            // Axis2 JSON-RPC requires every call to be wrapped as:
+            //   {"<operationName>":[{"arg0":{<params>}}]}
+            // This is mandated by JsonUtils.invokeServiceClass() in 
axis2-json.
+            // The loginService/doLogin operation is the token endpoint; all 
other
+            // operations require "Authorization: Bearer <token>" in the 
request header.
+            com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode meta = 
root.putObject("_meta");
+            meta.put("axis2JsonRpcFormat", 
"{\"<operationName>\":[{\"arg0\":{<params>}}]}");
+            meta.put("contentType", "application/json");
+            meta.put("authHeader", "Authorization: Bearer <token>");
+            meta.put("tokenEndpoint", "POST /services/loginService/doLogin");
+
             com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ArrayNode toolsArray = 
root.putArray("tools");
 
             Iterator<AxisService> services = 
axisConfig.getServices().values().iterator();
@@ -657,6 +670,10 @@ public class OpenApiSpecGenerator {
                 if (isSystemService(service)) continue;
                 if (!shouldIncludeService(service)) continue;
 
+                // loginService is the unauthenticated token endpoint; all 
others require auth.
+                String svcLower = 
service.getName().toLowerCase(java.util.Locale.ROOT);
+                boolean requiresAuth = !svcLower.contains("login") && 
!svcLower.equals("adminconsole");
+
                 Iterator<AxisOperation> operations = service.getOperations();
                 while (operations.hasNext()) {
                     AxisOperation operation = operations.next();
@@ -678,6 +695,25 @@ public class OpenApiSpecGenerator {
                     schema.putArray("required");
 
                     toolNode.put("endpoint", "POST " + path);
+
+                    // Axis2 JSON-RPC payload template.  MCP clients must wrap 
the call
+                    // body in this envelope — the bare {"field":value} object 
goes inside
+                    // "arg0".  Example for portfolioVariance:
+                    //   
{"portfolioVariance":[{"arg0":{"nAssets":2,"weights":[0.6,0.4],...}}]}
+                    toolNode.put("x-axis2-payloadTemplate",
+                            "{\"" + opName + "\":[{\"arg0\":{}}]}");
+
+                    // Whether the caller must supply a Bearer token (from 
doLogin).
+                    toolNode.put("x-requiresAuth", requiresAuth);
+
+                    // MCP 2025-03-26 tool annotations — conservative defaults.
+                    // Override via @McpTool when richer metadata is available.
+                    com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.node.ObjectNode annotations 
=
+                            toolNode.putObject("annotations");
+                    annotations.put("readOnlyHint", false);
+                    annotations.put("destructiveHint", false);
+                    annotations.put("idempotentHint", false);
+                    annotations.put("openWorldHint", false);
                 }
             }
 
diff --git 
a/modules/openapi/src/main/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/SwaggerUIHandler.java 
b/modules/openapi/src/main/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/SwaggerUIHandler.java
index 30fe986edb..73012b3b4a 100644
--- 
a/modules/openapi/src/main/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/SwaggerUIHandler.java
+++ 
b/modules/openapi/src/main/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/SwaggerUIHandler.java
@@ -206,6 +206,9 @@ public class SwaggerUIHandler {
 
         addSecurityHeaders(response);
         addCorsHeaders(response);
+        // MCP catalog must not be cached: service list changes on deployment 
and
+        // a stale catalog causes MCP clients to attempt calls to unknown 
tools.
+        response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache, no-store");
 
         try {
             String mcpJson = specGenerator.generateMcpCatalogJson(request);
diff --git 
a/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpAxis2PayloadTest.java
 
b/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpAxis2PayloadTest.java
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1b95d3ee4
--- /dev/null
+++ 
b/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpAxis2PayloadTest.java
@@ -0,0 +1,472 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.axis2.openapi;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonNode;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
+import junit.framework.TestCase;
+import org.apache.axis2.context.ConfigurationContext;
+import org.apache.axis2.description.AxisOperation;
+import org.apache.axis2.description.AxisService;
+import org.apache.axis2.description.InOutAxisOperation;
+import org.apache.axis2.engine.AxisConfiguration;
+
+import jakarta.servlet.AsyncContext;
+import jakarta.servlet.DispatcherType;
+import jakarta.servlet.RequestDispatcher;
+import jakarta.servlet.ServletContext;
+import jakarta.servlet.ServletInputStream;
+import jakarta.servlet.ServletRequest;
+import jakarta.servlet.ServletResponse;
+import jakarta.servlet.http.Cookie;
+import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
+import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
+import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpSession;
+import jakarta.servlet.http.HttpUpgradeHandler;
+import jakarta.servlet.http.Part;
+
+import javax.xml.namespace.QName;
+import java.io.BufferedReader;
+import java.security.Principal;
+import java.util.Collection;
+import java.util.Enumeration;
+import java.util.Locale;
+import java.util.Map;
+
+/**
+ * Tests focused on the Axis2 JSON-RPC payload format documented in the MCP 
catalog.
+ *
+ * <h2>Background — the pyRapi challenge</h2>
+ *
+ * <p>The Python {@code pyRapi} library (and its MCP successor {@code 
rapi-mcp}) demonstrate
+ * that MCP clients calling Axis2 services must wrap their request body in the 
Axis2 JSON-RPC
+ * envelope:
+ * <pre>
+ *   {"operationName":[{"arg0":{&lt;params&gt;}}]}
+ * </pre>
+ * This is mandated by {@code JsonUtils.invokeServiceClass()} in the {@code 
axis2-json} module.
+ * A bare {@code {"field":"value"}} POST body causes a silent 400 Bad Request.
+ *
+ * <h2>What these tests verify</h2>
+ * <ul>
+ *   <li>Each tool in the MCP catalog carries an {@code 
x-axis2-payloadTemplate} that is valid
+ *       JSON in the correct Axis2 envelope format.</li>
+ *   <li>The template is parseable and structurally correct (array of one 
{@code arg0} object).</li>
+ *   <li>The loginService template matches the known working pyRapi 
format.</li>
+ *   <li>Auth annotations ({@code x-requiresAuth}) correctly distinguish the 
public token
+ *       endpoint from protected services — mirrors the two-phase auth flow in 
pyRapi/auth.py
+ *       and rapi-mcp/server/rapi/api.py.</li>
+ *   <li>The catalog {@code _meta} block gives MCP clients all transport 
conventions without
+ *       requiring out-of-band documentation.</li>
+ * </ul>
+ *
+ * <h2>Relationship to rapi-mcp (Python)</h2>
+ * <p>The Python {@code rapi-mcp} server uses Bearer tokens and a flat REST 
payload — but that
+ * server is a proxy that translates MCP tool calls into Axis2 JSON-RPC calls. 
 These tests
+ * verify that the Java Axis2 MCP catalog provides enough information for MCP 
clients to make
+ * the same translation themselves without an intermediary proxy.
+ */
+public class McpAxis2PayloadTest extends TestCase {
+
+    private static final ObjectMapper MAPPER = new ObjectMapper();
+
+    private AxisConfiguration axisConfig;
+    private ConfigurationContext configCtx;
+    private OpenApiSpecGenerator generator;
+    private MockHttpServletRequest mockRequest;
+
+    @Override
+    protected void setUp() throws Exception {
+        super.setUp();
+        axisConfig  = new AxisConfiguration();
+        configCtx   = new ConfigurationContext(axisConfig);
+        generator   = new OpenApiSpecGenerator(configCtx);
+        mockRequest = new MockHttpServletRequest();
+    }
+
+    // ── payload template structural correctness 
───────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * A payload template must be parseable by any standard JSON library.
+     * MCP client SDKs (Python, TypeScript, Java) all parse the catalog before
+     * constructing requests.
+     */
+    public void testPayloadTemplateIsParseableJson() throws Exception {
+        addService("DataService", "fetchData");
+        String template = 
getFirstTool("fetchData").path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+        assertNotNull("Payload template must be parseable JSON", parsed);
+        assertTrue("Parsed template must be an object", parsed.isObject());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The operation name must be the single top-level key.
+     * Axis2 JSON-RPC dispatches on this key to select the operation.
+     */
+    public void testPayloadTemplateHasSingleTopLevelKey() throws Exception {
+        addService("DataService", "fetchData");
+        String template = 
getFirstTool("fetchData").path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+        assertEquals("Payload template must have exactly one top-level key", 
1, parsed.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The top-level key must match the operation name exactly 
(case-sensitive).
+     * Axis2 JSON-RPC dispatch is case-sensitive.
+     */
+    public void testPayloadTemplateTopLevelKeyMatchesOperationName() throws 
Exception {
+        addService("DataService", "fetchData");
+        String template = 
getFirstTool("fetchData").path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+        assertTrue("Template top-level key must be the operation name 
'fetchData'",
+                parsed.has("fetchData"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The value of the operation name key must be a JSON array.
+     * Axis2 JSON-RPC requires an array even for single-argument operations.
+     */
+    public void testPayloadTemplateValueIsArray() throws Exception {
+        addService("DataService", "fetchData");
+        String template = 
getFirstTool("fetchData").path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode value = MAPPER.readTree(template).path("fetchData");
+        assertTrue("Payload template value must be a JSON array", 
value.isArray());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The array must contain exactly one element — the argument wrapper 
object.
+     * Axis2 JSON-RPC maps array position to method argument position; all
+     * userguide services use a single {@code arg0} parameter.
+     */
+    public void testPayloadTemplateArrayHasExactlyOneElement() throws 
Exception {
+        addService("DataService", "fetchData");
+        String template = 
getFirstTool("fetchData").path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode arr = MAPPER.readTree(template).path("fetchData");
+        assertEquals("Payload template array must contain exactly one 
element", 1, arr.size());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The single array element must be an object with an {@code arg0} key.
+     * This is the Axis2 JSON-RPC convention: the named argument wraps the
+     * actual request POJO.
+     */
+    public void testPayloadTemplateArrayElementHasArg0Key() throws Exception {
+        addService("DataService", "fetchData");
+        String template = 
getFirstTool("fetchData").path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode element = MAPPER.readTree(template).path("fetchData").get(0);
+        assertNotNull("Array element must not be null", element);
+        assertTrue("Array element must be an object", element.isObject());
+        assertFalse("Array element must have 'arg0' key",
+                element.path("arg0").isMissingNode());
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code arg0} value must be an empty object — the placeholder for the
+     * actual request parameters.  Callers replace it with their request POJO.
+     */
+    public void testPayloadTemplateArg0IsEmptyObject() throws Exception {
+        addService("DataService", "fetchData");
+        String template = 
getFirstTool("fetchData").path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode arg0 = 
MAPPER.readTree(template).path("fetchData").get(0).path("arg0");
+        assertTrue("arg0 placeholder must be an empty JSON object", 
arg0.isObject());
+        assertEquals("arg0 placeholder must be empty (params go inside it)", 
0, arg0.size());
+    }
+
+    // ── loginService — the token acquisition entry point 
─────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * loginService/doLogin is the authentication entry point.
+     *
+     * <p>In pyRapi the login call is:
+     * <pre>
+     *   
{"doLogin":[{"arg0":{"email":"[email protected]","credentials":"pass"}}]}
+     * </pre>
+     * The MCP catalog template for doLogin must be compatible with this 
format.
+     */
+    public void testLoginServicePayloadTemplateHasDoLoginKey() throws 
Exception {
+        addService("loginService", "doLogin");
+        String template = 
getFirstTool("doLogin").path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+        assertTrue("loginService payload template must have 'doLogin' as 
top-level key",
+                parsed.has("doLogin"));
+    }
+
+    public void testLoginServicePayloadTemplateCompatibleWithPyRapiFormat() 
throws Exception {
+        addService("loginService", "doLogin");
+        String template = 
getFirstTool("doLogin").path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+        // Verify structural compatibility: {"doLogin":[{"arg0":{}}]}
+        JsonNode arg0 = parsed.path("doLogin").get(0).path("arg0");
+        assertFalse("doLogin template must have arg0",
+                arg0.isMissingNode());
+        // arg0 is the placeholder — callers fill in email/credentials
+        assertTrue("arg0 must be an object placeholder",
+                arg0.isObject());
+    }
+
+    public void testLoginServiceNotRequiresAuth() throws Exception {
+        addService("loginService", "doLogin");
+        JsonNode tool = getFirstTool("doLogin");
+        assertFalse(
+                "loginService must have x-requiresAuth: false — it IS the 
token endpoint",
+                tool.path("x-requiresAuth").asBoolean());
+    }
+
+    // ── auth flow: two-phase pattern (login → Bearer → call) 
─────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * Verifies the complete two-phase auth flow documented in the catalog:
+     * Phase 1: call loginService (no auth) → get token.
+     * Phase 2: call protected service with Bearer token.
+     *
+     * <p>This mirrors the flow in pyRapi/auth.py and 
rapi-mcp/server/rapi/api.py.
+     */
+    public void testTwoPhaseAuthFlowDocumentedInCatalog() throws Exception {
+        // Register both the token endpoint and a protected service
+        addService("loginService", "doLogin");
+        addService("testws", "doTestws");
+
+        JsonNode tools = getCatalogTools();
+
+        JsonNode loginTool = null;
+        JsonNode protectedTool = null;
+        for (JsonNode t : tools) {
+            if ("doLogin".equals(t.path("name").asText()))   loginTool = t;
+            if ("doTestws".equals(t.path("name").asText())) protectedTool = t;
+        }
+
+        assertNotNull("loginService/doLogin must appear in catalog", 
loginTool);
+        assertNotNull("testws/doTestws must appear in catalog", protectedTool);
+
+        // Phase 1: login is public
+        assertFalse("doLogin must NOT require auth (phase 1 — get the token)",
+                loginTool.path("x-requiresAuth").asBoolean());
+
+        // Phase 2: protected service requires the token obtained in phase 1
+        assertTrue("doTestws must require auth (phase 2 — use the token)",
+                protectedTool.path("x-requiresAuth").asBoolean());
+
+        // Both must have the Axis2 wrapper format
+        assertFalse("doLogin must have payload template",
+                loginTool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").isMissingNode());
+        assertFalse("doTestws must have payload template",
+                protectedTool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").isMissingNode());
+    }
+
+    // ── _meta transport contract 
──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code _meta.tokenEndpoint} must point to loginService so MCP 
clients
+     * can programmatically discover where to obtain a Bearer token.
+     */
+    public void testMetaTokenEndpointPointsToLoginService() throws Exception {
+        JsonNode meta = 
MAPPER.readTree(generator.generateMcpCatalogJson(mockRequest))
+                .path("_meta");
+        String tokenEndpoint = meta.path("tokenEndpoint").asText();
+        assertTrue("tokenEndpoint must reference loginService",
+                tokenEndpoint.contains("loginService"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code _meta.axis2JsonRpcFormat} placeholder must itself be valid
+     * JSON after substituting a real operation name and params — demonstrating
+     * the template is syntactically instructive.
+     */
+    public void testMetaAxis2FormatHintContainsArg0() throws Exception {
+        JsonNode meta = 
MAPPER.readTree(generator.generateMcpCatalogJson(mockRequest))
+                .path("_meta");
+        String fmt = meta.path("axis2JsonRpcFormat").asText();
+        assertTrue("_meta.axis2JsonRpcFormat must document the arg0 wrapper 
convention",
+                fmt.contains("arg0"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The {@code _meta.authHeader} must document the Bearer scheme so MCP
+     * clients know how to attach the token obtained from loginService.
+     * Mirrors the header set in rapi-mcp's RAPIClient._make_request().
+     */
+    public void testMetaAuthHeaderDocumentsBearerScheme() throws Exception {
+        JsonNode meta = 
MAPPER.readTree(generator.generateMcpCatalogJson(mockRequest))
+                .path("_meta");
+        String authHeader = meta.path("authHeader").asText();
+        assertTrue("_meta.authHeader must document 'Bearer' scheme",
+                authHeader.contains("Bearer"));
+    }
+
+    // ── all tools consistent 
──────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * Every tool in the catalog must have a payload template whose top-level
+     * key matches the tool's own name field.
+     */
+    public void testAllToolPayloadTemplatesMatchToolName() throws Exception {
+        AxisService svc = new AxisService("FinancialBenchmarkService");
+        addOperation(svc, "portfolioVariance");
+        addOperation(svc, "monteCarlo");
+        addOperation(svc, "scenarioAnalysis");
+        axisConfig.addService(svc);
+
+        JsonNode tools = getCatalogTools();
+        for (JsonNode tool : tools) {
+            String name = tool.path("name").asText();
+            String template = tool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+            JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+            assertTrue("Tool '" + name + "' payload template top-level key 
must match tool name",
+                    parsed.has(name));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * All non-login tools must declare auth as required.  No service should
+     * accidentally be marked public.
+     */
+    public void testAllNonLoginToolsRequireAuth() throws Exception {
+        addService("BigDataH2Service", "processBigDataSet");
+        addService("FinancialBenchmarkService", "portfolioVariance");
+        addService("testws", "doTestws");
+
+        JsonNode tools = getCatalogTools();
+        for (JsonNode tool : tools) {
+            assertTrue("Every non-login tool must declare x-requiresAuth: 
true",
+                    tool.path("x-requiresAuth").asBoolean());
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Annotations must be present on every tool.  Missing annotations would
+     * cause MCP 2025-03-26 spec-compliant clients to reject the catalog.
+     */
+    public void testAllToolsHaveAnnotations() throws Exception {
+        AxisService svc = new AxisService("CalcService");
+        addOperation(svc, "add");
+        addOperation(svc, "subtract");
+        axisConfig.addService(svc);
+
+        JsonNode tools = getCatalogTools();
+        for (JsonNode tool : tools) {
+            String name = tool.path("name").asText();
+            assertFalse("Tool '" + name + "' must have annotations field",
+                    tool.path("annotations").isMissingNode());
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ── helpers 
───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    private void addService(String serviceName, String operationName) throws 
Exception {
+        AxisService svc = new AxisService(serviceName);
+        addOperation(svc, operationName);
+        axisConfig.addService(svc);
+    }
+
+    private void addOperation(AxisService svc, String operationName) {
+        AxisOperation op = new InOutAxisOperation();
+        op.setName(QName.valueOf(operationName));
+        svc.addOperation(op);
+    }
+
+    private JsonNode getCatalogTools() throws Exception {
+        return 
MAPPER.readTree(generator.generateMcpCatalogJson(mockRequest)).path("tools");
+    }
+
+    /** Return the tool with the given name, or fail if not found. */
+    private JsonNode getFirstTool(String toolName) throws Exception {
+        JsonNode tools = getCatalogTools();
+        for (JsonNode t : tools) {
+            if (toolName.equals(t.path("name").asText())) return t;
+        }
+        fail("Tool '" + toolName + "' not found in catalog");
+        return null; // unreachable
+    }
+
+    // ── mock request 
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    private static class MockHttpServletRequest implements HttpServletRequest {
+        @Override public String getScheme()      { return "https"; }
+        @Override public String getServerName()  { return "localhost"; }
+        @Override public int    getServerPort()  { return 8443; }
+        @Override public String getContextPath() { return "/axis2-json-api"; }
+
+        @Override public String getAuthType() { return null; }
+        @Override public Cookie[] getCookies() { return new Cookie[0]; }
+        @Override public long getDateHeader(String n) { return 0; }
+        @Override public String getHeader(String n) { return null; }
+        @Override public Enumeration<String> getHeaders(String n) { return 
null; }
+        @Override public Enumeration<String> getHeaderNames() { return null; }
+        @Override public int getIntHeader(String n) { return 0; }
+        @Override public String getMethod() { return "GET"; }
+        @Override public String getPathInfo() { return null; }
+        @Override public String getPathTranslated() { return null; }
+        @Override public String getQueryString() { return null; }
+        @Override public String getRemoteUser() { return null; }
+        @Override public boolean isUserInRole(String r) { return false; }
+        @Override public Principal getUserPrincipal() { return null; }
+        @Override public String getRequestedSessionId() { return null; }
+        @Override public String getRequestURI() { return 
"/axis2-json-api/openapi-mcp.json"; }
+        @Override public StringBuffer getRequestURL() { return new 
StringBuffer(); }
+        @Override public String getServletPath() { return ""; }
+        @Override public HttpSession getSession(boolean c) { return null; }
+        @Override public HttpSession getSession() { return null; }
+        @Override public String changeSessionId() { return null; }
+        @Override public boolean isRequestedSessionIdValid() { return false; }
+        @Override public boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromCookie() { return 
false; }
+        @Override public boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromURL() { return false; 
}
+        @Override public boolean authenticate(HttpServletResponse r) { return 
false; }
+        @Override public void login(String u, String p) { }
+        @Override public void logout() { }
+        @Override public Collection<Part> getParts() { return null; }
+        @Override public Part getPart(String n) { return null; }
+        @Override public <T extends HttpUpgradeHandler> T upgrade(Class<T> c) 
{ return null; }
+        @Override public Object getAttribute(String n) { return null; }
+        @Override public Enumeration<String> getAttributeNames() { return 
null; }
+        @Override public String getCharacterEncoding() { return null; }
+        @Override public void setCharacterEncoding(String e) { }
+        @Override public int getContentLength() { return 0; }
+        @Override public long getContentLengthLong() { return 0; }
+        @Override public String getContentType() { return null; }
+        @Override public ServletInputStream getInputStream() { return null; }
+        @Override public String getParameter(String n) { return null; }
+        @Override public Enumeration<String> getParameterNames() { return 
null; }
+        @Override public String[] getParameterValues(String n) { return new 
String[0]; }
+        @Override public Map<String, String[]> getParameterMap() { return 
null; }
+        @Override public String getProtocol() { return "HTTP/2"; }
+        @Override public String getRemoteAddr() { return "127.0.0.1"; }
+        @Override public String getRemoteHost() { return "localhost"; }
+        @Override public void setAttribute(String n, Object o) { }
+        @Override public void removeAttribute(String n) { }
+        @Override public Locale getLocale() { return Locale.US; }
+        @Override public Enumeration<Locale> getLocales() { return null; }
+        @Override public boolean isSecure() { return true; }
+        @Override public RequestDispatcher getRequestDispatcher(String p) { 
return null; }
+        @Override public int getRemotePort() { return 0; }
+        @Override public String getLocalName() { return "localhost"; }
+        @Override public String getLocalAddr() { return "127.0.0.1"; }
+        @Override public int getLocalPort() { return 8443; }
+        @Override public ServletContext getServletContext() { return null; }
+        @Override public AsyncContext startAsync() { return null; }
+        @Override public AsyncContext startAsync(ServletRequest q, 
ServletResponse s) { return null; }
+        @Override public boolean isAsyncStarted() { return false; }
+        @Override public boolean isAsyncSupported() { return false; }
+        @Override public AsyncContext getAsyncContext() { return null; }
+        @Override public DispatcherType getDispatcherType() { return null; }
+        @Override public BufferedReader getReader() { return null; }
+        @Override public jakarta.servlet.ServletConnection 
getServletConnection() { return null; }
+        @Override public String getProtocolRequestId() { return null; }
+        @Override public String getRequestId() { return null; }
+    }
+}
diff --git 
a/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpCatalogGeneratorTest.java
 
b/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpCatalogGeneratorTest.java
index 242468d35e..ec669d5799 100644
--- 
a/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpCatalogGeneratorTest.java
+++ 
b/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpCatalogGeneratorTest.java
@@ -303,6 +303,224 @@ public class McpCatalogGeneratorTest extends TestCase {
         }
     }
 
+    // ── catalog _meta 
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * The catalog root must carry a {@code _meta} object so MCP clients know
+     * the Axis2 JSON-RPC transport contract without reading separate docs.
+     * Mirrors the pattern in rapi-mcp (Python) where API conventions are
+     * embedded in the tool catalog for client self-sufficiency.
+     */
+    public void testCatalogHasMetaObject() throws Exception {
+        JsonNode root = 
MAPPER.readTree(generator.generateMcpCatalogJson(mockRequest));
+        assertFalse("_meta must be present in catalog root",
+                root.path("_meta").isMissingNode());
+        assertTrue("_meta must be an object", root.path("_meta").isObject());
+    }
+
+    public void testMetaHasAxis2JsonRpcFormat() throws Exception {
+        JsonNode meta = 
MAPPER.readTree(generator.generateMcpCatalogJson(mockRequest)).path("_meta");
+        assertFalse("_meta.axis2JsonRpcFormat must be present",
+                meta.path("axis2JsonRpcFormat").isMissingNode());
+        String fmt = meta.path("axis2JsonRpcFormat").asText();
+        assertTrue("Format must contain operationName placeholder", 
fmt.contains("operationName"));
+        assertTrue("Format must contain arg0 wrapper", fmt.contains("arg0"));
+    }
+
+    public void testMetaHasContentType() throws Exception {
+        JsonNode meta = 
MAPPER.readTree(generator.generateMcpCatalogJson(mockRequest)).path("_meta");
+        assertEquals("application/json", meta.path("contentType").asText());
+    }
+
+    public void testMetaHasAuthHeaderField() throws Exception {
+        JsonNode meta = 
MAPPER.readTree(generator.generateMcpCatalogJson(mockRequest)).path("_meta");
+        String authHeader = meta.path("authHeader").asText();
+        assertTrue("authHeader must describe Bearer scheme",
+                authHeader.contains("Bearer"));
+    }
+
+    public void testMetaHasTokenEndpoint() throws Exception {
+        JsonNode meta = 
MAPPER.readTree(generator.generateMcpCatalogJson(mockRequest)).path("_meta");
+        String tokenEndpoint = meta.path("tokenEndpoint").asText();
+        assertTrue("tokenEndpoint must reference loginService",
+                tokenEndpoint.contains("loginService"));
+        assertTrue("tokenEndpoint must start with POST",
+                tokenEndpoint.startsWith("POST "));
+    }
+
+    // ── x-axis2-payloadTemplate 
───────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * Every tool must carry an {@code x-axis2-payloadTemplate} so MCP clients
+     * know to wrap bare JSON params in the Axis2 JSON-RPC envelope:
+     * {@code {"operationName":[{"arg0":{...}}]}}.
+     *
+     * <p>This is the primary challenge from pyRapi: MCP clients calling Axis2
+     * services must use this wrapping format or the call fails silently.
+     */
+    public void testToolHasPayloadTemplateField() throws Exception {
+        addService("TestService", "testOp");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        assertFalse("x-axis2-payloadTemplate must be present",
+                tool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").isMissingNode());
+    }
+
+    public void testPayloadTemplateContainsOperationName() throws Exception {
+        addService("TestService", "doSomething");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        String template = tool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        assertTrue("Payload template must contain the operation name",
+                template.contains("doSomething"));
+    }
+
+    public void testPayloadTemplateIsValidJson() throws Exception {
+        addService("TestService", "processData");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        String template = tool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        // The template itself must be parseable JSON
+        JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+        assertNotNull("Payload template must be valid JSON", parsed);
+    }
+
+    public void testPayloadTemplateOperationNameIsTopLevelKey() throws 
Exception {
+        addService("OrderService", "placeOrder");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        String template = tool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+        assertTrue("Operation name must be top-level key in payload template",
+                parsed.has("placeOrder"));
+    }
+
+    public void testPayloadTemplateValueIsArray() throws Exception {
+        addService("OrderService", "placeOrder");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        String template = tool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+        assertTrue("Top-level value in payload template must be an array",
+                parsed.path("placeOrder").isArray());
+    }
+
+    public void testPayloadTemplateArrayHasArg0Object() throws Exception {
+        addService("OrderService", "placeOrder");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        String template = tool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText();
+        JsonNode parsed = MAPPER.readTree(template);
+        JsonNode arr = parsed.path("placeOrder");
+        assertEquals("Payload template array must have exactly one element", 
1, arr.size());
+        assertFalse("Array element must have 'arg0' key",
+                arr.get(0).path("arg0").isMissingNode());
+    }
+
+    public void testPayloadTemplatesDistinctAcrossOperations() throws 
Exception {
+        AxisService svc = new AxisService("CalcService");
+        addOperation(svc, "add");
+        addOperation(svc, "subtract");
+        axisConfig.addService(svc);
+
+        JsonNode tools = getCatalogTools();
+        java.util.Set<String> templates = new java.util.HashSet<>();
+        for (JsonNode t : tools) 
templates.add(t.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").asText());
+        assertEquals("Each operation must have a distinct payload template", 
2, templates.size());
+    }
+
+    // ── x-requiresAuth 
────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * Non-login services must declare {@code x-requiresAuth: true} so MCP
+     * clients know to acquire a Bearer token via loginService first — matching
+     * the auth flow pyRapi implements in pyrapi/auth.py.
+     */
+    public void testNonLoginServiceRequiresAuth() throws Exception {
+        addService("testws", "doTestws");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        assertTrue("Protected services must have x-requiresAuth: true",
+                tool.path("x-requiresAuth").asBoolean());
+    }
+
+    public void testLoginServiceDoesNotRequireAuth() throws Exception {
+        addService("loginService", "doLogin");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        assertFalse("loginService must have x-requiresAuth: false",
+                tool.path("x-requiresAuth").asBoolean());
+    }
+
+    public void testLoginServiceCaseInsensitive() throws Exception {
+        addService("LoginService", "doLogin");  // capital L
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        assertFalse("loginService check must be case-insensitive",
+                tool.path("x-requiresAuth").asBoolean());
+    }
+
+    public void testFinancialServiceRequiresAuth() throws Exception {
+        addService("FinancialBenchmarkService", "portfolioVariance");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        assertTrue("FinancialBenchmarkService must require auth",
+                tool.path("x-requiresAuth").asBoolean());
+    }
+
+    public void testBigDataServiceRequiresAuth() throws Exception {
+        addService("BigDataH2Service", "processBigDataSet");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        assertTrue("BigDataH2Service must require auth",
+                tool.path("x-requiresAuth").asBoolean());
+    }
+
+    // ── annotations (MCP 2025-03-26) 
─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * Tools must carry MCP 2025 {@code annotations} for client-side safety
+     * hints (readOnlyHint, destructiveHint, idempotentHint, openWorldHint).
+     * Matches the annotations pattern in internal-alpha-theory-mcp.
+     */
+    public void testToolHasAnnotationsField() throws Exception {
+        addService("TestService", "testOp");
+        JsonNode tool = getCatalogTools().get(0);
+        assertFalse("annotations must be present on each tool",
+                tool.path("annotations").isMissingNode());
+        assertTrue("annotations must be an object",
+                tool.path("annotations").isObject());
+    }
+
+    public void testAnnotationsHasReadOnlyHint() throws Exception {
+        addService("TestService", "testOp");
+        JsonNode annotations = getCatalogTools().get(0).path("annotations");
+        assertFalse("annotations.readOnlyHint must be present",
+                annotations.path("readOnlyHint").isMissingNode());
+        assertTrue("annotations.readOnlyHint must be boolean",
+                annotations.path("readOnlyHint").isBoolean());
+    }
+
+    public void testAnnotationsHasDestructiveHint() throws Exception {
+        addService("TestService", "testOp");
+        JsonNode annotations = getCatalogTools().get(0).path("annotations");
+        assertFalse("annotations.destructiveHint must be present",
+                annotations.path("destructiveHint").isMissingNode());
+    }
+
+    public void testAnnotationsHasIdempotentHint() throws Exception {
+        addService("TestService", "testOp");
+        JsonNode annotations = getCatalogTools().get(0).path("annotations");
+        assertFalse("annotations.idempotentHint must be present",
+                annotations.path("idempotentHint").isMissingNode());
+    }
+
+    public void testAnnotationsHasOpenWorldHint() throws Exception {
+        addService("TestService", "testOp");
+        JsonNode annotations = getCatalogTools().get(0).path("annotations");
+        assertFalse("annotations.openWorldHint must be present",
+                annotations.path("openWorldHint").isMissingNode());
+    }
+
+    public void testAllAnnotationHintsAreBooleans() throws Exception {
+        addService("TestService", "testOp");
+        JsonNode annotations = getCatalogTools().get(0).path("annotations");
+        String[] hints = {"readOnlyHint", "destructiveHint", "idempotentHint", 
"openWorldHint"};
+        for (String hint : hints) {
+            assertTrue("annotations." + hint + " must be a boolean value",
+                    annotations.path(hint).isBoolean());
+        }
+    }
+
     // ── tool list mirrors existing OpenAPI paths 
──────────────────────────────
 
     /**
diff --git 
a/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpCatalogHandlerTest.java
 
b/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpCatalogHandlerTest.java
index 04ff450e42..6ff49dd879 100644
--- 
a/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpCatalogHandlerTest.java
+++ 
b/modules/openapi/src/test/java/org/apache/axis2/openapi/McpCatalogHandlerTest.java
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ public class McpCatalogHandlerTest extends TestCase {
         assertTrue("processPayment tool must be in catalog", found);
     }
 
-    // ── security headers (mirrors OpenAPI JSON endpoint) 
─────────────────────
+    // ── security headers 
──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     public void testMcpCatalogHasSecurityHeadersIfImplemented() throws 
Exception {
         handler.handleMcpCatalogRequest(mockRequest, mockResponse);
@@ -178,6 +178,98 @@ public class McpCatalogHandlerTest extends TestCase {
         assertTrue(root.has("tools"));
     }
 
+    /**
+     * The MCP catalog must include Cache-Control: no-cache so that MCP clients
+     * always fetch a fresh catalog (service list can change after deployment).
+     * Stale catalogs expose clients to "unknown tool" errors.
+     */
+    public void testMcpCatalogHasCacheControlNoCache() throws Exception {
+        handler.handleMcpCatalogRequest(mockRequest, mockResponse);
+        String cc = mockResponse.getHeader("Cache-Control");
+        assertNotNull("Cache-Control header must be set", cc);
+        assertTrue("Cache-Control must contain no-cache or no-store",
+                cc.contains("no-cache") || cc.contains("no-store"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff prevents MIME-type sniffing by browsers
+     * and some MCP client implementations that embed a WebView.
+     */
+    public void testMcpCatalogHasXContentTypeOptionsNoSniff() throws Exception 
{
+        handler.handleMcpCatalogRequest(mockRequest, mockResponse);
+        String xcto = mockResponse.getHeader("X-Content-Type-Options");
+        assertNotNull("X-Content-Type-Options must be set", xcto);
+        assertEquals("nosniff", xcto);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * CORS Allow-Methods must include GET — the catalog endpoint is a GET-only
+     * resource. MCP clients POST to the individual service endpoints listed in
+     * the catalog, not to the catalog URL itself.
+     */
+    public void testMcpCatalogCorsMethodsIncludesGet() throws Exception {
+        handler.handleMcpCatalogRequest(mockRequest, mockResponse);
+        String methods = 
mockResponse.getHeader("Access-Control-Allow-Methods");
+        assertNotNull("Access-Control-Allow-Methods must be set", methods);
+        assertTrue("CORS methods must include GET", methods.contains("GET"));
+    }
+
+    // ── new catalog fields reflected in handler response 
──────────────────────
+
+    /**
+     * The handler response body must contain the {@code _meta} object that
+     * documents the Axis2 JSON-RPC transport contract.
+     */
+    public void testMcpCatalogBodyHasMetaObject() throws Exception {
+        handler.handleMcpCatalogRequest(mockRequest, mockResponse);
+        JsonNode root = MAPPER.readTree(mockResponse.getWriterContent());
+        assertFalse("Response body must contain _meta", 
root.path("_meta").isMissingNode());
+        assertTrue("_meta must be an object", root.path("_meta").isObject());
+    }
+
+    public void testMcpCatalogMetaDocumentsAxis2Format() throws Exception {
+        handler.handleMcpCatalogRequest(mockRequest, mockResponse);
+        JsonNode meta = 
MAPPER.readTree(mockResponse.getWriterContent()).path("_meta");
+        assertFalse("_meta.axis2JsonRpcFormat must be present",
+                meta.path("axis2JsonRpcFormat").isMissingNode());
+        String fmt = meta.path("axis2JsonRpcFormat").asText();
+        assertTrue("Format string must contain 'arg0'", fmt.contains("arg0"));
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Tools served via the HTTP handler must carry the payload template and
+     * auth annotation — verifies the full stack from handler to generator.
+     */
+    public void testMcpCatalogToolsHavePayloadTemplateAndAuth() throws 
Exception {
+        // Register a service to get at least one tool
+        AxisConfiguration axisConfig = new AxisConfiguration();
+        AxisService svc = new AxisService("InventoryService");
+        AxisOperation op = new InOutAxisOperation();
+        op.setName(javax.xml.namespace.QName.valueOf("getStock"));
+        svc.addOperation(op);
+        axisConfig.addService(svc);
+
+        ConfigurationContext configCtx = new ConfigurationContext(axisConfig);
+        SwaggerUIHandler h = new SwaggerUIHandler(configCtx);
+        MockHttpServletResponse resp = new MockHttpServletResponse();
+        h.handleMcpCatalogRequest(mockRequest, resp);
+
+        JsonNode tools = 
MAPPER.readTree(resp.getWriterContent()).path("tools");
+        assertTrue("At least one tool must be present", tools.size() > 0);
+
+        JsonNode tool = null;
+        for (JsonNode t : tools) {
+            if ("getStock".equals(t.path("name").asText())) { tool = t; break; 
}
+        }
+        assertNotNull("getStock tool must appear in catalog", tool);
+        assertFalse("Tool must have x-axis2-payloadTemplate",
+                tool.path("x-axis2-payloadTemplate").isMissingNode());
+        assertFalse("Tool must have x-requiresAuth",
+                tool.path("x-requiresAuth").isMissingNode());
+        assertFalse("Tool must have annotations",
+                tool.path("annotations").isMissingNode());
+    }
+
     // ── mocks 
─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     private static class MockHttpServletRequest implements HttpServletRequest {

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