pvary commented on code in PR #13900:
URL: https://github.com/apache/iceberg/pull/13900#discussion_r2299588455


##########
flink/v2.0/flink/src/test/java/org/apache/iceberg/flink/sink/shuffle/DataDistributionUtil.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.iceberg.flink.sink.shuffle;
+
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
+import java.util.Arrays;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import java.util.NavigableMap;
+import java.util.UUID;
+import java.util.concurrent.ThreadLocalRandom;
+import org.apache.iceberg.SortKey;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.Maps;
+
+public class DataDistributionUtil {
+  private DataDistributionUtil() {}
+
+  private static final String CHARS =
+      "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0123456789_-.!?";
+
+  /** Generate a random string with a given prefix and a random length up to 
maxLength. */
+  public static String randomString(String prefix, int maxLength) {
+    int length = ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(maxLength);
+    byte[] buffer = new byte[length];
+
+    for (int i = 0; i < length; i += 1) {
+      buffer[i] = (byte) 
CHARS.charAt(ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextInt(CHARS.length()));
+    }
+
+    return prefix + new String(buffer, StandardCharsets.UTF_8);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * return index if index == 0 && weightsUDF[index] > target (or) 
weightsUDF[index-1] <= target &&
+   * weightsUDF[index] > target
+   */
+  public static int binarySearchIndex(long[] weightsCDF, long target) {
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        target >= 0, "target weight must be non-negative: search target = %s", 
target);
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        target < weightsCDF[weightsCDF.length - 1],
+        "target weight is out of range: total weight = %s, search target = %s",
+        weightsCDF[weightsCDF.length - 1],
+        target);
+
+    int start = 0;
+    int end = weightsCDF.length - 1;
+    while (start <= end) {
+      int mid = (start + end) / 2;
+      boolean leftOk = (mid == 0) || (weightsCDF[mid - 1] <= target);
+      boolean rightOk = weightsCDF[mid] > target;
+      if (leftOk && rightOk) {
+        return mid;
+      } else if (weightsCDF[mid] <= target) {
+        start = mid + 1;
+      } else {
+        end = mid - 1;
+      }
+    }
+
+    throw new IllegalStateException("should never reach here");
+  }
+
+  /** Key is the id string and value is the weight in long value. */
+  public static NavigableMap<Integer, Long> longTailDistribution(
+      long startingWeight,
+      int longTailStartingIndex,
+      int longTailLength,
+      long longTailBaseWeight,
+      double weightRandomJitterPercentage,
+      double decayFactor) {
+
+    NavigableMap<Integer, Long> weights = Maps.newTreeMap();
+
+    // decay part
+    long currentWeight = startingWeight;
+    for (int index = 0; index < longTailStartingIndex; ++index) {
+      double jitter = 
ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextDouble(weightRandomJitterPercentage / 100);
+      long weight = (long) (currentWeight * (1.0 + jitter));
+      weight = weight > 0 ? weight : 1;
+      weights.put(index, weight);
+      if (currentWeight > longTailBaseWeight) {
+        currentWeight = (long) (currentWeight * decayFactor); // decay the 
weight by 40%
+      }
+    }
+
+    // long tail part (flat with some random jitter)
+    for (int index = longTailStartingIndex;
+        index < longTailStartingIndex + longTailLength;
+        ++index) {
+      long longTailWeight =
+          (long)
+              (longTailBaseWeight
+                  * 
ThreadLocalRandom.current().nextDouble(weightRandomJitterPercentage));
+      longTailWeight = longTailWeight > 0 ? longTailWeight : 1;
+      weights.put(index, longTailWeight);
+    }
+
+    return weights;
+  }
+
+  public static Map<SortKey, Long> mapStatisticsWithLongTailDistribution(
+      NavigableMap<Integer, Long> weights, SortKey sortKey) {
+    Map<SortKey, Long> mapStatistics = 
Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(weights.size());
+    weights.forEach(
+        (id, weight) -> {
+          SortKey sortKeyCopy = sortKey.copy();
+          sortKeyCopy.set(0, id);
+          mapStatistics.put(sortKeyCopy, weight);
+        });
+
+    return mapStatistics;
+  }
+
+  public static long[] computeCumulativeWeights(List<Integer> keys, 
Map<Integer, Long> weights) {
+    long[] weightsCDF = new long[keys.size()];
+    long totalWeight = 0;
+    for (int i = 0; i < keys.size(); ++i) {
+      totalWeight += weights.get(keys.get(i));
+      weightsCDF[i] = totalWeight;
+    }

Review Comment:
   Nit: newline 



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