rdblue commented on code in PR #11857:
URL: https://github.com/apache/iceberg/pull/11857#discussion_r1927944759


##########
core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/variants/VariantBuilder.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.iceberg.variants;
+
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonFactory;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParseException;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonParser;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonToken;
+import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.exc.InputCoercionException;
+import java.io.IOException;
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.util.List;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.base.Preconditions;
+import org.apache.iceberg.relocated.com.google.common.collect.Lists;
+
+/** A builder class to build a primitive/array/object variant. */
+public class VariantBuilder extends VariantBuilderBase {
+  public VariantBuilder() {
+    super(new VariantBuilderBase.ByteBufferWrapper(), new 
VariantBuilderBase.Dictionary());
+  }
+
+  public VariantPrimitiveBuilder createPrimitive() {
+    VariantPrimitiveBuilder primitiveBuilder = new 
VariantPrimitiveBuilder(getBuffer(), getDict());
+    return primitiveBuilder;
+  }
+
+  public VariantObjectBuilder startObject() {
+    return new VariantObjectBuilder(getBuffer(), getDict());
+  }
+
+  public VariantArrayBuilder startArray() {
+    return new VariantArrayBuilder(getBuffer(), getDict());
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Parses a JSON string and constructs a Variant object.
+   *
+   * @param json The JSON string to parse.
+   * @return The constructed Variant object.
+   * @throws IOException If an error occurs while reading or parsing the JSON.
+   */
+  public static Variant parseJson(String json) throws IOException {
+    Preconditions.checkArgument(
+        json != null && !json.isEmpty(), "Input JSON string cannot be null or 
empty.");
+
+    try (JsonParser parser = new JsonFactory().createParser(json)) {
+      parser.nextToken();
+
+      VariantBuilder builder = new VariantBuilder();
+      builder.buildJson(parser);
+
+      return builder.build();
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void buildJson(JsonParser parser) throws IOException {
+    JsonToken token = parser.currentToken();
+
+    if (token == null) {
+      throw new JsonParseException(parser, "Unexpected null token");
+    }
+
+    switch (token) {
+      case START_OBJECT:
+        writeObject(parser);
+        break;
+      case START_ARRAY:
+        writeArray(parser);
+        break;
+      case VALUE_STRING:
+        writeStringInternal(parser.getText());
+        break;
+      case VALUE_NUMBER_INT:
+        writeInteger(parser);
+        break;
+      case VALUE_NUMBER_FLOAT:
+        writeFloat(parser);
+        break;
+      case VALUE_TRUE:
+        writeBooleanInternal(true);
+        break;
+      case VALUE_FALSE:
+        writeBooleanInternal(false);
+        break;
+      case VALUE_NULL:
+        writeNullInternal();
+        break;
+      default:
+        throw new JsonParseException(parser, "Unexpected token " + token);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void writeObject(JsonParser parser) throws IOException {
+    List<VariantBuilderBase.FieldEntry> fields = Lists.newArrayList();
+    int startPos = getBuffer().getPos();
+
+    // Store object keys to dictionary of metadata
+    while (parser.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_OBJECT) {
+      String key = parser.currentName();
+      parser.nextToken(); // Move to the value
+
+      int id = getDict().add(key);
+      fields.add(new VariantBuilderBase.FieldEntry(key, id, 
getBuffer().getPos() - startPos));
+      buildJson(parser);
+    }
+
+    endObject(startPos, fields);
+  }
+
+  private void writeArray(JsonParser parser) throws IOException {
+    List<Integer> offsets = Lists.newArrayList();
+    int startPos = getBuffer().getPos();
+
+    while (parser.nextToken() != JsonToken.END_ARRAY) {
+      offsets.add(getBuffer().getPos() - startPos);
+      buildJson(parser);
+    }
+
+    endArray(startPos, offsets);
+  }
+
+  private void writeInteger(JsonParser parser) throws IOException {
+    try {
+      writeNumericInternal(parser.getLongValue());
+    } catch (InputCoercionException ignored) {
+      writeFloat(parser); // Fallback for large integers
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void writeFloat(JsonParser parser) throws IOException {
+    if (!tryWriteDecimal(parser.getText())) {
+      writeDoubleInternal(parser.getDoubleValue());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Attempts to parse a JSON number as a decimal and write it. The input must 
meet the following
+   * criteria: - Be in a valid decimal format (integer with an optional '.'). 
- Not in scientific
+   * notation. - Fit within the precision and scale limits of decimal types.

Review Comment:
   Style: lines seem to have been accidentally wrapped.



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