rdblue commented on code in PR #11415:
URL: https://github.com/apache/iceberg/pull/11415#discussion_r1877001928


##########
core/src/main/java/org/apache/iceberg/variants/Variants.java:
##########
@@ -0,0 +1,274 @@
+/*
+ * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
+ * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
+ * distributed with this work for additional information
+ * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
+ * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
+ * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
+ * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
+ * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
+ * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
+ * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
+ * specific language governing permissions and limitations
+ * under the License.
+ */
+package org.apache.iceberg.variants;
+
+import java.math.BigDecimal;
+import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
+import java.util.List;
+import java.util.Map;
+import org.apache.iceberg.util.DateTimeUtil;
+
+public class Variants {
+  enum LogicalType {
+    NULL,
+    BOOLEAN,
+    EXACT_NUMERIC,
+    FLOAT,
+    DOUBLE,
+    DATE,
+    TIMESTAMPTZ,
+    TIMESTAMPNTZ,
+    BINARY,
+    STRING,
+    ARRAY,
+    OBJECT
+  }
+
+  public enum PhysicalType {
+    NULL(LogicalType.NULL, Void.class),
+    BOOLEAN_TRUE(LogicalType.BOOLEAN, Boolean.class),
+    BOOLEAN_FALSE(LogicalType.BOOLEAN, Boolean.class),
+    INT8(LogicalType.EXACT_NUMERIC, Integer.class),
+    INT16(LogicalType.EXACT_NUMERIC, Integer.class),
+    INT32(LogicalType.EXACT_NUMERIC, Integer.class),
+    INT64(LogicalType.EXACT_NUMERIC, Long.class),
+    DOUBLE(LogicalType.DOUBLE, Double.class),
+    DECIMAL4(LogicalType.EXACT_NUMERIC, BigDecimal.class),
+    DECIMAL8(LogicalType.EXACT_NUMERIC, BigDecimal.class),
+    DECIMAL16(LogicalType.EXACT_NUMERIC, BigDecimal.class),
+    DATE(LogicalType.DATE, Integer.class),
+    TIMESTAMPTZ(LogicalType.TIMESTAMPTZ, Long.class),
+    TIMESTAMPNTZ(LogicalType.TIMESTAMPNTZ, Long.class),
+    FLOAT(LogicalType.FLOAT, Float.class),
+    BINARY(LogicalType.BINARY, ByteBuffer.class),
+    STRING(LogicalType.STRING, String.class),
+    ARRAY(LogicalType.ARRAY, List.class),
+    OBJECT(LogicalType.OBJECT, Map.class);
+
+    private final LogicalType logicalType;
+    private final Class<?> javaClass;
+
+    PhysicalType(LogicalType logicalType, Class<?> javaClass) {
+      this.logicalType = logicalType;
+      this.javaClass = javaClass;
+    }
+
+    LogicalType toLogicalType() {
+      return logicalType;
+    }
+
+    public Class<?> javaClass() {
+      return javaClass;
+    }
+
+    public static PhysicalType from(int primitiveType) {
+      switch (primitiveType) {
+        case Primitives.TYPE_NULL:
+          return NULL;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_TRUE:
+          return BOOLEAN_TRUE;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_FALSE:
+          return BOOLEAN_FALSE;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_INT8:
+          return INT8;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_INT16:
+          return INT16;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_INT32:
+          return INT32;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_INT64:
+          return INT64;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_DATE:
+          return DATE;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ:
+          return TIMESTAMPTZ;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_TIMESTAMPNTZ:
+          return TIMESTAMPNTZ;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_FLOAT:
+          return FLOAT;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_DOUBLE:
+          return DOUBLE;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_DECIMAL4:
+          return DECIMAL4;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_DECIMAL8:
+          return DECIMAL8;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_DECIMAL16:
+          return DECIMAL16;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_BINARY:
+          return BINARY;
+        case Primitives.TYPE_STRING:
+          return STRING;
+      }
+
+      throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unknown primitive physical 
type: " + primitiveType);
+    }
+  }
+
+  interface Serialized {
+    ByteBuffer buffer();
+  }
+
+  abstract static class SerializedValue implements VariantValue, Serialized {
+    @Override
+    public int sizeInBytes() {
+      return buffer().remaining();
+    }
+
+    @Override
+    public int writeTo(ByteBuffer buffer, int offset) {
+      ByteBuffer value = buffer();
+      VariantUtil.writeBufferAbsolute(buffer, offset, value);
+      return value.remaining();
+    }
+  }
+
+  static class Primitives {
+    static final int TYPE_NULL = 0;
+    static final int TYPE_TRUE = 1;
+    static final int TYPE_FALSE = 2;
+    static final int TYPE_INT8 = 3;
+    static final int TYPE_INT16 = 4;
+    static final int TYPE_INT32 = 5;
+    static final int TYPE_INT64 = 6;
+    static final int TYPE_DOUBLE = 7;
+    static final int TYPE_DECIMAL4 = 8;
+    static final int TYPE_DECIMAL8 = 9;
+    static final int TYPE_DECIMAL16 = 10;
+    static final int TYPE_DATE = 11;
+    static final int TYPE_TIMESTAMPTZ = 12; // equivalent to timestamptz
+    static final int TYPE_TIMESTAMPNTZ = 13; // equivalent to timestamp
+    static final int TYPE_FLOAT = 14;
+    static final int TYPE_BINARY = 15;
+    static final int TYPE_STRING = 16;
+
+    static final int PRIMITIVE_TYPE_SHIFT = 2;
+
+    private Primitives() {}
+  }
+
+  static final int HEADER_SIZE = 1;
+
+  enum BasicType {
+    PRIMITIVE,
+    SHORT_STRING,
+    OBJECT,
+    ARRAY
+  }
+
+  public static VariantValue from(ByteBuffer metadata, ByteBuffer value) {

Review Comment:
   I think it would have to be on either `VariantValue` (which could be any 
value), here in `Variants`, or in `Variant`. I put it here to match the 
conventions from other parts of the library. For example, there are similar 
factory methods in many places: `Literals.from`, `Types.fromPrimitiveString`, 
and `Expressions.*`



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