har-123 opened a new issue, #1833:
URL: https://github.com/apache/cordova-android/issues/1833
# Bug Report
After upgrading from:
cordova-android 13.0.0 → 14.0.1
Gradle 8.7 → 8.13 (for compatibility)
I observed that JUnit test cases in a submodule fail when run via the CLI
(./gradlew) or on CI (GitHub Actions), but pass consistently when run directly
via Android Studio.
## Information
**Observed Behavior**
Running the test suite:
`./gradlew :EventBus:testReleaseUnitTest`
Fails with the following error:
```
Caused by: java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: com/ukg/common/eventbus/EventBus
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: com.ukg.common.eventbus.EventBus
```
But:
✅ These same tests pass when executed directly using Android Studio’s test
runner.
✅ Classpaths appear identical between both environments.
✅ Production and test code are compiled correctly.
**Steps to Reproduce**
1. Upgrade a multi-module Cordova Android project from 13.0.0 to 14.0.1.
2. Update Gradle version from 8.7 to 8.13.
3. Run unit tests for a submodule (e.g. :EventBus) via:
`./gradlew :EventBus:testReleaseUnitTest`
**Project Structure**
- Cordova Hybrid Project using cordova-android 14.0.1
- Submodules: :app, :EventBus, :mobile-common, etc.
- Failing module: :EventBus
- Tests written in both Kotlin and Java
- Kotlin classes used in main sourceset (e.g., SubscriberExt.kt)
### Environment, Platform, Device
**Key Configuration**
Gradle (Project EventBus) – Simplified:
```
plugins {
id 'com.android.library'
id 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.android'
}
android {
compileSdk 35
defaultConfig {
minSdkVersion 26
targetSdkVersion 35
}
testOptions {
unitTests.returnDefaultValues = true
}
kotlinOptions {
jvmTarget = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
freeCompilerArgs = List.of("-Xstring-concat=inline")
}
}
dependencies {
testImplementation 'junit:junit:4.12'
testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.10.0'
testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.10.0'
testImplementation 'org.mockito:mockito-core:4.2.0'
testImplementation 'org.mockito.kotlin:mockito-kotlin:4.0.0'
}
```
**Suspected Causes**
- Gradle (8.13) or AGP (plugin 8.x) may not be compiling Kotlin main sources
correctly for unit test classpath when used in a library module.
- Cordova's internal hooks or structure may unintentionally interfere with
how Gradle test classpaths are assembled for submodules.
- Possibly a bug in how testReleaseUnitTest resolves classpaths in projects
with Kotlin dependencies and custom hooks.
- Kotlin test support might be partially broken due to missing configuration
on Cordova side after upgrade.
### Version information
- Cordova CLI: 11.0.0
- cordova-android: 14.0.1
- Gradle: 8.13
- Kotlin Gradle Plugin: 1.9.24
- AGP: Tested with 8.3.0+
- JDK: 17
- Node: 20.x
- Tests work only in Android Studio, not with ./gradlew or CI.
## Checklist
<!-- Please check the boxes by putting an x in the [ ] like so: [x] -->
- [ x] I searched for existing GitHub issues
- [x ] I updated all Cordova tooling to most recent version
- [x ] I included all the necessary information above
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