So any bi- or multi-arch configurations are then by definition both a cross and a regular compiler at the same time?
Right, depending on the command line. Or how do they fit in your scheme? You bootstrap the native one and not the cross ones. ;-) I never tried to "bootstrap" on x86_64 using --host=i686 --target=i686 to build a 32bit compiler building 32bit Well, that's my point. It's not really a bootstrap. First you use the cross-compiler to build a native compiler and *then* you bootstrap.