Hi,
this is updated patch.  For whatever reason we now end up with longer .o file
for tramp3d than with my prevoius attempt (by 9KB). We need at average 15 bytes
for location, well, the encoding of small ints might be better with uleb style,
perhaps with smaller chunk (like 4 bits per chunk as opposed to 8).
But that is easy followup.

Bootstrapping/regtesting x86_64-linux, OK if it passes?

        * lto-streamer-out.c (lto_string_index): break out from...; offset by 1
        so 0 means NULL string.
        (lto_output_string_with_length): ... here.
        (lto_output_string, output_string_cst, output_identifier): Update 
handling
        of NULL strings.
        (lto_output_location_bitpack): New function.
        (lto_output_location): Use it.
        (lto_output_tree_ref): Use output_record_start.
        * lto-streamer-in.c (string_for_index): Break out from ...; offset 
values by 1.
        (input_string_internal): ... here; 
        (input_string_cst, input_identifier, lto_input_string): Update handling 
of NULL strings.
        (lto_input_location_bitpack): New function
        (lto_input_location): Use it.
        * lto-streamer.h (bp_pack_small_unsigned, bp_pack_small_int, 
bp_unpack_small_unsigned,
        bp_unpack_small_int): New functions.
Index: lto-streamer-out.c
===================================================================
*** lto-streamer-out.c  (revision 174268)
--- lto-streamer-out.c  (working copy)
*************** destroy_output_block (struct output_bloc
*** 143,158 ****
    free (ob);
  }
  
! 
! /* Output STRING of LEN characters to the string
!    table in OB. The string might or might not include a trailing '\0'.
     Then put the index onto the INDEX_STREAM.  */
  
! void
! lto_output_string_with_length (struct output_block *ob,
!                              struct lto_output_stream *index_stream,
!                              const char *s,
!                              unsigned int len)
  {
    struct string_slot **slot;
    struct string_slot s_slot;
--- 143,156 ----
    free (ob);
  }
  
! /* Return index used to reference STRING of LEN characters in the string table
!    in OB.  The string might or might not include a trailing '\0'.
     Then put the index onto the INDEX_STREAM.  */
  
! static unsigned
! lto_string_index (struct output_block *ob,
!                 const char *s,
!                 unsigned int len)
  {
    struct string_slot **slot;
    struct string_slot s_slot;
*************** lto_output_string_with_length (struct ou
*** 164,172 ****
    s_slot.len = len;
    s_slot.slot_num = 0;
  
-   /* Indicate that this is not a NULL string.  */
-   lto_output_uleb128_stream (index_stream, 0);
- 
    slot = (struct string_slot **) htab_find_slot (ob->string_hash_table,
                                                 &s_slot, INSERT);
    if (*slot == NULL)
--- 162,167 ----
*************** lto_output_string_with_length (struct ou
*** 180,197 ****
        new_slot->len = len;
        new_slot->slot_num = start;
        *slot = new_slot;
-       lto_output_uleb128_stream (index_stream, start);
        lto_output_uleb128_stream (string_stream, len);
        lto_output_data_stream (string_stream, string, len);
      }
    else
      {
        struct string_slot *old_slot = *slot;
-       lto_output_uleb128_stream (index_stream, old_slot->slot_num);
        free (string);
      }
  }
  
  /* Output the '\0' terminated STRING to the string
     table in OB.  Then put the index onto the INDEX_STREAM.  */
  
--- 175,207 ----
        new_slot->len = len;
        new_slot->slot_num = start;
        *slot = new_slot;
        lto_output_uleb128_stream (string_stream, len);
        lto_output_data_stream (string_stream, string, len);
+       return start + 1;
      }
    else
      {
        struct string_slot *old_slot = *slot;
        free (string);
+       return old_slot->slot_num + 1;
      }
  }
  
+ 
+ /* Output STRING of LEN characters to the string
+    table in OB. The string might or might not include a trailing '\0'.
+    Then put the index onto the INDEX_STREAM.  */
+ 
+ void
+ lto_output_string_with_length (struct output_block *ob,
+                              struct lto_output_stream *index_stream,
+                              const char *s,
+                              unsigned int len)
+ {
+   lto_output_uleb128_stream (index_stream,
+                            lto_string_index (ob, s, len));
+ }
+ 
  /* Output the '\0' terminated STRING to the string
     table in OB.  Then put the index onto the INDEX_STREAM.  */
  
*************** lto_output_string (struct output_block *
*** 204,210 ****
      lto_output_string_with_length (ob, index_stream, string,
                                   strlen (string) + 1);
    else
!     lto_output_uleb128_stream (index_stream, 1);
  }
  
  
--- 214,220 ----
      lto_output_string_with_length (ob, index_stream, string,
                                   strlen (string) + 1);
    else
!     lto_output_1_stream (index_stream, 0);
  }
  
  
*************** output_string_cst (struct output_block *
*** 221,227 ****
                                   TREE_STRING_POINTER (string),
                                   TREE_STRING_LENGTH (string ));
    else
!     lto_output_uleb128_stream (index_stream, 1);
  }
  
  
--- 231,237 ----
                                   TREE_STRING_POINTER (string),
                                   TREE_STRING_LENGTH (string ));
    else
!     lto_output_1_stream (index_stream, 0);
  }
  
  
*************** output_identifier (struct output_block *
*** 238,246 ****
                                   IDENTIFIER_POINTER (id),
                                   IDENTIFIER_LENGTH (id));
    else
!     lto_output_uleb128_stream (index_stream, 1);
  }
  
  /* Write a zero to the output stream.  */
  
  static void
--- 248,257 ----
                                   IDENTIFIER_POINTER (id),
                                   IDENTIFIER_LENGTH (id));
    else
!     lto_output_1_stream (index_stream, 0);
  }
  
+ 
  /* Write a zero to the output stream.  */
  
  static void
*************** pack_value_fields (struct bitpack_d *bp,
*** 587,618 ****
  }
  
  
! /* Emit location LOC to output block OB.  */
  
! static void
! lto_output_location (struct output_block *ob, location_t loc)
  {
    expanded_location xloc;
  
    if (loc == UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
!     {
!       lto_output_string (ob, ob->main_stream, NULL);
!       return;
!     }
  
    xloc = expand_location (loc);
  
!   lto_output_string (ob, ob->main_stream, xloc.file);
!   output_sleb128 (ob, xloc.line);
!   output_sleb128 (ob, xloc.column);
!   output_sleb128 (ob, xloc.sysp);
! 
    ob->current_file = xloc.file;
    ob->current_line = xloc.line;
    ob->current_col = xloc.column;
  }
  
  
  /* Return true if tree node T is written to various tables.  For these
     nodes, we sometimes want to write their phyiscal representation
     (via lto_output_tree), and sometimes we need to emit an index
--- 598,652 ----
  }
  
  
! /* Output info about new location into bitpack BP.
!    After outputting bitpack, lto_output_location_data has
!    to be done to output actual data.  */
  
! static inline void
! lto_output_location_bitpack (struct bitpack_d *bp,
!                            struct output_block *ob,
!                            location_t loc)
  {
    expanded_location xloc;
  
+   bp_pack_value (bp, loc == UNKNOWN_LOCATION, 1);
    if (loc == UNKNOWN_LOCATION)
!     return;
  
    xloc = expand_location (loc);
  
!   bp_pack_value (bp, ob->current_file != xloc.file, 1);
!   if (ob->current_file != xloc.file)
!     bp_pack_small_unsigned (bp, lto_string_index (ob,
!                                                 xloc.file,
!                                                 strlen (xloc.file)))++;
    ob->current_file = xloc.file;
+ 
+   bp_pack_value (bp, ob->current_line != xloc.line, 1);
+   if (ob->current_line != xloc.line)
+     bp_pack_small_unsigned (bp, xloc.line)++;
    ob->current_line = xloc.line;
+ 
+   bp_pack_value (bp, ob->current_col != xloc.column, 1);
+   if (ob->current_col != xloc.column)
+     bp_pack_small_unsigned (bp, xloc.column)++;
    ob->current_col = xloc.column;
  }
  
  
+ /* Emit location LOC to output block OB.
+    When bitpack is handy, it is more space effecient to call
+    lto_output_location_bitpack with existing bitpack.  */
+ 
+ static void
+ lto_output_location (struct output_block *ob, location_t loc)
+ {
+   struct bitpack_d bp = bitpack_create (ob->main_stream);
+   lto_output_location_bitpack (&bp, ob, loc);
+   lto_output_bitpack (&bp);
+ }
+ 
+ 
  /* Return true if tree node T is written to various tables.  For these
     nodes, we sometimes want to write their phyiscal representation
     (via lto_output_tree), and sometimes we need to emit an index
*************** lto_output_tree_ref (struct output_block
*** 642,648 ****
  
    if (expr == NULL_TREE)
      {
!       output_zero (ob);
        return;
      }
  
--- 678,684 ----
  
    if (expr == NULL_TREE)
      {
!       output_record_start (ob, LTO_null);
        return;
      }
  
Index: lto-streamer-in.c
===================================================================
*** lto-streamer-in.c   (revision 174268)
--- lto-streamer-in.c   (working copy)
*************** eq_string_slot_node (const void *p1, con
*** 132,150 ****
     IB.  Write the length to RLEN.  */
  
  static const char *
! input_string_internal (struct data_in *data_in, struct lto_input_block *ib,
!                      unsigned int *rlen)
  {
    struct lto_input_block str_tab;
    unsigned int len;
-   unsigned int loc;
    const char *result;
  
!   /* Read the location of the string from IB.  */
!   loc = lto_input_uleb128 (ib);
  
    /* Get the string stored at location LOC in DATA_IN->STRINGS.  */
!   LTO_INIT_INPUT_BLOCK (str_tab, data_in->strings, loc, data_in->strings_len);
    len = lto_input_uleb128 (&str_tab);
    *rlen = len;
  
--- 132,153 ----
     IB.  Write the length to RLEN.  */
  
  static const char *
! string_for_index (struct data_in *data_in,
!                 unsigned int loc,
!                 unsigned int *rlen)
  {
    struct lto_input_block str_tab;
    unsigned int len;
    const char *result;
  
!   if (!loc)
!     {
!       *rlen = 0;
!       return NULL;
!     }
  
    /* Get the string stored at location LOC in DATA_IN->STRINGS.  */
!   LTO_INIT_INPUT_BLOCK (str_tab, data_in->strings, loc - 1, 
data_in->strings_len);
    len = lto_input_uleb128 (&str_tab);
    *rlen = len;
  
*************** input_string_internal (struct data_in *d
*** 157,162 ****
--- 160,176 ----
  }
  
  
+ /* Read a string from the string table in DATA_IN using input block
+    IB.  Write the length to RLEN.  */
+ 
+ static const char *
+ input_string_internal (struct data_in *data_in, struct lto_input_block *ib,
+                      unsigned int *rlen)
+ {
+   return string_for_index (data_in, lto_input_uleb128 (ib), rlen);
+ }
+ 
+ 
  /* Read a STRING_CST from the string table in DATA_IN using input
     block IB.  */
  
*************** input_string_cst (struct data_in *data_i
*** 165,177 ****
  {
    unsigned int len;
    const char * ptr;
-   unsigned int is_null;
- 
-   is_null = lto_input_uleb128 (ib);
-   if (is_null)
-     return NULL;
  
    ptr = input_string_internal (data_in, ib, &len);
    return build_string (len, ptr);
  }
  
--- 179,188 ----
  {
    unsigned int len;
    const char * ptr;
  
    ptr = input_string_internal (data_in, ib, &len);
+   if (!ptr)
+     return NULL;
    return build_string (len, ptr);
  }
  
*************** input_identifier (struct data_in *data_i
*** 184,196 ****
  {
    unsigned int len;
    const char *ptr;
-   unsigned int is_null;
- 
-   is_null = lto_input_uleb128 (ib);
-   if (is_null)
-     return NULL;
  
    ptr = input_string_internal (data_in, ib, &len);
    return get_identifier_with_length (ptr, len);
  }
  
--- 195,204 ----
  {
    unsigned int len;
    const char *ptr;
  
    ptr = input_string_internal (data_in, ib, &len);
+   if (!ptr)
+     return NULL;
    return get_identifier_with_length (ptr, len);
  }
  
*************** lto_input_string (struct data_in *data_i
*** 215,227 ****
  {
    unsigned int len;
    const char *ptr;
-   unsigned int is_null;
- 
-   is_null = lto_input_uleb128 (ib);
-   if (is_null)
-     return NULL;
  
    ptr = input_string_internal (data_in, ib, &len);
    if (ptr[len - 1] != '\0')
      internal_error ("bytecode stream: found non-null terminated string");
  
--- 223,232 ----
  {
    unsigned int len;
    const char *ptr;
  
    ptr = input_string_internal (data_in, ib, &len);
+   if (!ptr)
+     return NULL;
    if (ptr[len - 1] != '\0')
      internal_error ("bytecode stream: found non-null terminated string");
  
*************** clear_line_info (struct data_in *data_in
*** 284,320 ****
  }
  
  
! /* Read a location from input block IB.  */
  
  static location_t
! lto_input_location (struct lto_input_block *ib, struct data_in *data_in)
  {
!   expanded_location xloc;
  
!   xloc.file = lto_input_string (data_in, ib);
!   if (xloc.file == NULL)
      return UNKNOWN_LOCATION;
  
!   xloc.file = canon_file_name (xloc.file);
!   xloc.line = lto_input_sleb128 (ib);
!   xloc.column = lto_input_sleb128 (ib);
!   xloc.sysp = lto_input_sleb128 (ib);
  
!   if (data_in->current_file != xloc.file)
      {
!       if (data_in->current_file)
        linemap_add (line_table, LC_LEAVE, false, NULL, 0);
  
!       linemap_add (line_table, LC_ENTER, xloc.sysp, xloc.file, xloc.line);
      }
!   else if (data_in->current_line != xloc.line)
!     linemap_line_start (line_table, xloc.line, xloc.column);
  
-   data_in->current_file = xloc.file;
-   data_in->current_line = xloc.line;
-   data_in->current_col = xloc.column;
  
!   return linemap_position_for_column (line_table, xloc.column);
  }
  
  
--- 289,345 ----
  }
  
  
! /* Read a location bitpack from input block IB.  */
  
  static location_t
! lto_input_location_bitpack (struct data_in *data_in, struct bitpack_d *bp)
  {
!   bool file_change, line_change, column_change;
!   unsigned len;
!   bool prev_file = data_in->current_file != NULL;
  
!   if (bp_unpack_value (bp, 1))
      return UNKNOWN_LOCATION;
  
!   file_change = bp_unpack_value (bp, 1);
!   if (file_change)
!     data_in->current_file = canon_file_name
!                             (string_for_index (data_in,
!                                                bp_unpack_small_unsigned (bp),
!                                                &len));
! 
!   line_change = bp_unpack_value (bp, 1);
!   if (line_change)
!     data_in->current_line = bp_unpack_small_unsigned (bp);
! 
!   column_change = bp_unpack_value (bp, 1);
!   if (column_change)
!     data_in->current_col = bp_unpack_small_unsigned (bp);
  
!   if (file_change)
      {
!       if (prev_file)
        linemap_add (line_table, LC_LEAVE, false, NULL, 0);
  
!       linemap_add (line_table, LC_ENTER, false, data_in->current_file,
!                  data_in->current_line);
      }
!   else if (line_change)
!     linemap_line_start (line_table, data_in->current_line, 
data_in->current_col);
! 
!   return linemap_position_for_column (line_table, data_in->current_col);
! }
  
  
! /* Read a location from input block IB.  */
! 
! static location_t
! lto_input_location (struct lto_input_block *ib, struct data_in *data_in)
! {
!   struct bitpack_d bp;
! 
!   bp = lto_input_bitpack (ib);
!   return lto_input_location_bitpack (data_in, &bp);
  }
  
  
Index: lto-streamer.h
===================================================================
*** lto-streamer.h      (revision 174268)
--- lto-streamer.h      (working copy)
*************** bp_unpack_value (struct bitpack_d *bp, u
*** 1175,1180 ****
--- 1175,1224 ----
  }
  
  
+ /* Pack VAL into BP, be more effetive when VAL is small.
+    Implementation is sily, we may want to do better later.  */
+ 
+ static inline void
+ bp_pack_small_unsigned (struct bitpack_d *bp, unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT val)
+ {
+   int nbits = floor_log2 (val) + 1;
+   gcc_checking_assert (nbits < 32);
+   bp_pack_value (bp, nbits, 5);
+   bp_pack_value (bp, val, nbits);
+ }
+ 
+ 
+ /* Pack VAL into BP, be more effetive when VAL is small.
+    Implementation is sily, we may want to do better later.  */
+ 
+ static inline void
+ bp_pack_small_int (struct bitpack_d *bp, HOST_WIDE_INT val)
+ {
+   bp_pack_value (bp, (val < 0), 1);
+   bp_pack_small_unsigned (bp, (val < 0) ? -val : val);
+ }
+ 
+ 
+ /* Pack VAL into BP, be more effetive when VAL is small.  */
+ 
+ static inline unsigned HOST_WIDE_INT
+ bp_unpack_small_unsigned (struct bitpack_d *bp)
+ {
+   return bp_unpack_value (bp, bp_unpack_value (bp, 5));
+ }
+ 
+ 
+ /* Pack VAL into BP, be more effetive when VAL is small.  */
+ 
+ static inline HOST_WIDE_INT
+ bp_unpack_small_int (struct bitpack_d *bp)
+ {
+   bool negative = bp_unpack_value (bp, 1);
+   HOST_WIDE_INT val = bp_unpack_value (bp, bp_unpack_value (bp, 5));
+   return negative ? -val:val;
+ }
+ 
+ 
  /* Write a character to the output block.  */
  
  static inline void

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