https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=106328
--- Comment #3 from Richard Biener <rguenth at gcc dot gnu.org> --- Just to clarify, GCCs WPA stage fork()s to write out LTRANS IL object files in parallel - those processes are not controlled by make but GCC could request tokens from makes jobserver if it got a handle on a connection (which isn't trivial because make does not provide the necessary open FDs to all sibling processes it creates).