https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=104719
--- Comment #9 from Vittorio Romeo <vittorio.romeo at outlook dot com> --- I have done some benchmarking for three use cases, both with `-O0` and `-Og`, hacking my `libstdc++` headers to add `[[gnu::always_inline]]` where deemed appropriate. --- The use cases were: 1. `operator[]` benchmark -- `vector_squareop` and `carray_squareop` as seen above 2. Iterator benchmark -- `vector_iter` and `carray_iter` as seen above 3. Algorithm benchmark -- `std::accumulate` versus a raw `for` loop --- All the benchmark results, benchmarking rig specs, and used code available here: https://gist.github.com/vittorioromeo/efa005d44ccd4ec7279181768a0c1f0b --- In short, these are the results: - For all benchmarks, when using `-O0` without any modification to `libstdc++`, the overhead of the Standard Library can be huge (+25-400%). - For all benchmarks, when using `-Og` without any modification to `libstdc++`, the overhead of the Standard Library is small (+5-15%). - For the `operator[]` benchmark, when using `-O0` after applying `[[gnu::always_inline]]` to all the functions touched by the benchmark, we reduce the overhead from 25% to around 10%. - For the `operator[]` benchmark, when using `-Og` after applying `[[gnu::always_inline]]` to all the functions touched by the benchmark, we reduce the overhead from 34% to around 11%. - For the iterator benchmark, when using `-O0` after applying `[[gnu::always_inline]]` to all the functions touched by the benchmark, we reduce the overhead from 302% to around 186%. - For the iterator benchmark, when using `-Og` after applying `[[gnu::always_inline]]` to all the functions touched by the benchmark, we reduce the overhead from 11% to around 8%. - For the algorithm benchmark, when using `-O0` after applying `[[gnu::always_inline]]` to all the functions touched by the benchmark, we reduce the overhead from 304% to around 47%. - For the algorithm benchmark, when using `-Og`, independently of whether we modify `libstdc++` or not, the overhead is around 36%.
