https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=103769
--- Comment #6 from Sergei Trofimovich <slyfox at gcc dot gnu.org> --- Trying to understand what the error means: Crash happens when we look up entry in gcc/cp/pt.c:static GTY (()) spec_hash_table *type_specializations; It's a hash table of entries of spec_entry type: struct GTY((for_user)) spec_entry { tree tmpl; /* The general template this is a specialization of. */ tree args; /* The args for this (maybe-partial) specialization. */ tree spec; /* The specialization itself. */ }; spec_hasher type defines both hasher and equality. hash is defined on fields 'tmpl' and 'args', equality is defined on 'tmpl', 'args' and sometimes 'spec': bool spec_hasher::equal (spec_entry *e1, spec_entry *e2) { int equal; ++comparing_specializations; ++comparing_dependent_aliases; ++processing_template_decl; equal = (e1->tmpl == e2->tmpl && comp_template_args (e1->args, e2->args)); if (equal && flag_concepts /* tmpl could be a FIELD_DECL for a capture pack. */ && TREE_CODE (e1->tmpl) == TEMPLATE_DECL && VAR_P (DECL_TEMPLATE_RESULT (e1->tmpl)) && uses_template_parms (e1->args)) { /* Partial specializations of a variable template can be distinguished by constraints. */ tree c1 = e1->spec ? get_constraints (e1->spec) : NULL_TREE; tree c2 = e2->spec ? get_constraints (e2->spec) : NULL_TREE; equal = equivalent_constraints (c1, c2); } --processing_template_decl; --comparing_dependent_aliases; --comparing_specializations; return equal; } static hashval_t hash_tmpl_and_args (tree tmpl, tree args) { hashval_t val = iterative_hash_object (DECL_UID (tmpl), 0); return iterative_hash_template_arg (args, val); } hashval_t spec_hasher::hash (spec_entry *e) { return hash_tmpl_and_args (e->tmpl, e->args); } How can hash differ when values match?