https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=93682
--- Comment #1 from Alexander Cherepanov <ch3root at openwall dot com> --- The instability can also taint surrounding code which leads to nonsense: ---------------------------------------------------------------------- #include <stdio.h> __attribute__((noipa)) // imagine it in a separate TU static long double opaque(long double d) { return d; } int main() { int one = opaque(1); long double x = opaque(1); int a = x + 0x1p-60 == 1; opaque(a); if (one == a) { opaque(0); if (x == 1) { opaque(0); if (a == 0) { opaque(0); if (one == 0) printf("one = %d\n", one); } } } } ---------------------------------------------------------------------- $ gcc -std=c11 -pedantic -Wall -Wextra -m32 -march=i686 -mpc64 -O3 test.c && ./a.out one = 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- gcc x86-64 version: gcc (GCC) 10.0.1 20200211 (experimental) ----------------------------------------------------------------------