https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=21182
--- Comment #27 from Jeffrey A. Law <law at redhat dot com> --- So for gcc-8. UNAIL_REGS -O3 41 stack references UNAIL_REGS -O2 41 stack referenecs DNAIL_REGS -O3 3 stack references DNAIL_REGS -O2 3 stack references In the DNAIL_REGS case I think all three references are pulling arguments out of the stack.