http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=59479
--- Comment #2 from bin.cheng <amker.cheng at gmail dot com> --- I will investigate it later. Just clarifying, the function is called three times by the caller, it would increase code size usually. BTW, could you explain a little about "2nd-order effect"? I am not familiar with the concept. Thanks in advance.