http://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=53169
--- Comment #2 from Jonathan Wakely <redi at gcc dot gnu.org> 2012-04-30 14:59:05 UTC --- By changing your main to: int main() { test(); sleep(10); char* p = (char*)malloc(1024 * 127); for (int i=0; i < 100; ++i) p[1024 * i] = 'a' + (i%26); sleep(10); free(p); sleep(10); return 0; } I see that freeing the small malloc'd memory region (which is below glibc's MMAP_THRESHOLD value) does actually trigger the earlier new'd memory to be returned to the system too. So it's possible to get the memory libstdc+ allocates to be returned to the system, but it's under the control of glibc, nothing to do with std::vector or libstdc++ If your memory usage patterns don't result in memory being returned then there are several posibilities, including not freeing memory when you think you are, or fragmenting the heap so that later allocations cannot re-use memory returned to freelists and must allocate new memory using mmap. Not a GCC bug though.