branch: externals/emms
commit 7bf67ea70ec5e3162dd7e4597dba70f3a238eef1
Merge: 6910be1656 b00955ad3e
Author: Yoni Rabkin <y...@gnu.org>
Commit: Yoni Rabkin <y...@gnu.org>
Merge branch 'mpris'
integrate the mpris branch into main
---
doc/emms.texinfo | 25 +++
emms-mpris.el | 528 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
emms-setup.el | 3 +-
3 files changed, 555 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
diff --git a/doc/emms.texinfo b/doc/emms.texinfo
index 791e998b11..6d741bc727 100644
--- a/doc/emms.texinfo
+++ b/doc/emms.texinfo
@@ -84,6 +84,7 @@ Modules and Extensions
* Bookmarks:: Saving a place in a media file.
* Managing Playlists:: Managing multiple playlists.
* GNU FM:: Connect to music community websites.
+* D-Bus:: Control Emms over D-Bus
Copying and license
* Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission to
@@ -3004,6 +3005,30 @@ setup level.
Then invoke @kbd{emms-librefm-stream} and enter the URL of the station
you wish to listen to, for example ``librefm://globaltags/Classical''.
+@c -------------------------------------------------------------------
+@node D-Bus
+@chapter D-Bus
+
+@cindex D-Bus
+
+Emms can provide an MPRIS interface which allows it to be
+controlled over D-Bus.
+
+To enable this, first load the feature:
+
+@lisp
+(require 'emms-mpris)
+@end lisp
+
+
+and then turn it on with @kbd{emms-mpris-enable}. You can
+turn it off with @kbd{emms-mpris-disable}.
+
+At present, Emms only provides a partial implementation of
+the @url{
+https://specifications.freedesktop.org/mpris-spec/latest/index.html,
+MPRIS specification}: changing the volume, shuffle or loop
+status is not currently supported.
@c including the relevant licenses
diff --git a/emms-mpris.el b/emms-mpris.el
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e5de25c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/emms-mpris.el
@@ -0,0 +1,528 @@
+;;; emms-mpris.el --- Mpris interface for EMMS -*- lexical-binding: t;
-*-
+
+;; Copyright (C) 2022 Fran Burstall
+
+;; Author: Fran Burstall <fran.burst...@gmail.com>
+;; Keywords: multimedia
+
+;; This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;; the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+;; (at your option) any later version.
+
+;; This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+;; GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;; along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+;;; Commentary:
+;; This package provides a dbus interface to EMMS.
+
+;; Usage:
+;; (require 'emms-mpris)
+;; (emms-mpris-enable)
+
+;; Switch off with
+;; (emms-mpris-disable)
+
+;; Caveats: this is not quite a complete implementation of the
+;; org.mpris.MediaPlayer2 and org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.Player interfaces
+;; (see
+;; https://specifications.freedesktop.org/mpris-spec/latest/index.html).
+;; What is missing:
+;; - Volume: this should be easy but there seems to be no way to get a
+;; simple percentage to report the volume---every emms-volume
+;; controller returns a string in a different format, sigh.
+;; - Shuffle
+;; - LoopStatus
+;; The issue with the last two is how to allow them to be set both
+;; over dbus and via lisp/emms-ui. I do not know how to do this in a
+;; simple way.
+
+;; TODO:
+;; * Shuffle: value is emms-random-playlist and
+;; emms-toggle-random-playlist shows implementation
+;; * LoopStatus: mpris expects three possibilities here: None, Track
+;; and Playlist.See emms-repeat-track and emms-repeat-playlist for
+;; values and emms-toggle-repeat-* for implementations
+;; * Support more than tracks in files and directories (example:
+;; playlists and urls: I need a way to work out which emms-play-* to call).
+
+;; NEXT: think through how setting Shuffle or LoopStatus should work:
+;; How can shuffle be set and what should happen when it does?
+;; 1. Can be set over dbus and then a PropertiesChanged signal is
+;; fired. This should provoke emms into changing state. This is part
+;; of a general story: we have d-bus state and emms-state and the
+;; question is how to keep them in sync.
+;; Change in d-bus state (via dbus-set-property called from a client
+;; or wherever): this fires a PropertiesChanged signal to which emms
+;; should respond to change its state. So we need a signal handler
+;; listening.
+;; Change in emms-state (from Lisp or emms UI): this should trigger a
+;; change in d-bus state via dbus-set-property. This in turn emits
+;; the signal to which the handler must respond without creating a
+;; loop. This last requirement is the heart of the matter.
+;; Strategies:
+;; 1. Advise the state changing functions in emms to only change the
+;; dbus state and then let the signal handler bring everything up to
+;; date using d-bus state as the source of truth.
+;; Pros:
+;; - Easy to reason about
+;; Cons:
+;; - Lots of advice to keep track of
+;; 2. Have a second signal internal to us which is fired from emms hooks.
+
+
+;;; Code:
+
+;;* What we need
+(require 'dbus)
+(require 'url-parse)
+(require 'emms)
+(require 'emms-browser)
+(require 'emms-playing-time)
+(require 'cl-lib)
+
+;;* Dbus components
+(defconst emms-mpris-service "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.emms"
+ "The service we expose.")
+
+(defconst emms-mpris-path "/org/mpris/MediaPlayer2"
+ "Our object path.")
+
+;;* Register and update
+(defun emms-mpris-register-method (iface method handler)
+ "Register METHOD with HANDLER on interface IFACE."
+ (dbus-register-method :session
+ emms-mpris-service
+ emms-mpris-path
+ iface
+ method
+ handler
+ t))
+
+(defun emms-mpris-register-property (iface property access value)
+ "Register PROPERTY on interface IFACE.
+
+VALUE is the initial value, ACCESS the access mode."
+ (let ((val (cond ((functionp value) (funcall value))
+ ((and (symbolp value) (boundp value)) (symbol-value value))
+ (t value))))
+ (dbus-register-property :session
+ emms-mpris-service
+ emms-mpris-path
+ iface
+ property
+ access
+ val
+ nil t)))
+
+(defun emms-mpris-register-iface (spec)
+ "Register an interface with spec SPEC on the EMMS service.
+
+The spec is a list of the form (IFACE METHODS PROPS).
+
+IFACE is a string naming the interface being registered.
+
+METHODS is a list of methods to register on the interface.
+Each method is a list (NAME FN) with NAME a string and FN the
+function the method calls.
+
+PROPS is a list of properties to register on the interface.
+Each property is a list of the form (NAME ACCESS VAL) with
+NAME a string, ACCESS a keyword and VAL either a function
+that returns the default value of the property, a variable
+which evaluates to that value or the value itself."
+ (cl-destructuring-bind (iface methods props) spec
+ (dolist (method methods)
+ (apply #'emms-mpris-register-method iface method))
+ (dolist (prop props)
+ (apply #'emms-mpris-register-property iface prop))))
+
+
+;;* Interfaces
+
+;;** MediaPlayer2 interface
+
+(defvar emms-mpris-mediaplayer-iface-spec
+ '("org.mpris.MediaPlayer2"
+ (("Raise" ignore)
+ ("Quit" ignore))
+ (("CanQuit" :read nil)
+ ("CanRaise" :read nil)
+ ("HasTrackList" :read nil)
+ ("Identity" :read "EMMS media player")
+ ("SupportedUriSchemes" :read (:array "file"))
+ ("SupportedMimeTypes" :read (:array "audio/mpeg" "application/ogg"))))
+ "Interface spec for MediaPlayer2.")
+
+;;** MediaPlayer2.Player interface
+
+(defvar emms-mpris-player-iface-spec
+ '("org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.Player"
+ ;; Methods:
+ (("OpenUri" emms-mpris-open-uri)
+ ("Next" (lambda () (ignore-errors (emms-next)) :ignore))
+ ("Previous" (lambda () (ignore-errors (emms-previous)) :ignore))
+ ("Pause" (lambda () (emms-pause) :ignore))
+ ("PlayPause" (lambda () (emms-pause) :ignore))
+ ("Stop" (lambda () (emms-stop) :ignore))
+ ("Play" (lambda () (emms-pause) :ignore))
+ ("Seek" emms-mpris-seek)
+ ("SetPosition" emms-mpris-set-position))
+ ;; Properties: Shuffle, LoopStatus, Volume not supported (yet)
+ (;; ("LoopStatus" :readwrite emms-mpris-loop-status)
+ ;; ("Shuffle" :readwrite emms-random-playlist)
+ ("PlaybackStatus" :read emms-mpris-status)
+ ("Rate" :readwrite 1.0)
+ ("MinimumRate" :read 1.0)
+ ("MaximumRate" :read 1.0)
+ ("Position" :read (:int64 0)) ;think more about this
+ ("CanGoNext" :read t)
+ ("CanGoPrevious" :read t)
+ ("CanPlay" :read t)
+ ("CanPause" :read t)
+ ("CanPause" :read t)
+ ("CanControl" :read t)
+ ("CanSeek" :read t)
+ ("Metadata" :read emms-mpris-current-metadata)))
+ "Interface spec for MediaPlayer2.Player.")
+;;** Introspection interface
+
+(defvar emms-mpris-xml
+ "<!DOCTYPE node PUBLIC \"-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Object Introspection
1.0//EN\"
+
\"http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/introspect.dtd\";>
+<!-- GDBus 2.66.8 -->
+<node>
+ <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties\">
+ <method name=\"Get\">
+ <arg type=\"s\" name=\"interface_name\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ <arg type=\"s\" name=\"property_name\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ <arg type=\"v\" name=\"value\" direction=\"out\"/>
+ </method>
+ <method name=\"GetAll\">
+ <arg type=\"s\" name=\"interface_name\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ <arg type=\"a{sv}\" name=\"properties\" direction=\"out\"/>
+ </method>
+ <method name=\"Set\">
+ <arg type=\"s\" name=\"interface_name\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ <arg type=\"s\" name=\"property_name\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ <arg type=\"v\" name=\"value\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ </method>
+ <signal name=\"PropertiesChanged\">
+ <arg type=\"s\" name=\"interface_name\"/>
+ <arg type=\"a{sv}\" name=\"changed_properties\"/>
+ <arg type=\"as\" name=\"invalidated_properties\"/>
+ </signal>
+ </interface>
+ <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable\">
+ <method name=\"Introspect\">
+ <arg type=\"s\" name=\"xml_data\" direction=\"out\"/>
+ </method>
+ </interface>
+ <interface name=\"org.freedesktop.DBus.Peer\">
+ <method name=\"Ping\"/>
+ <method name=\"GetMachineId\">
+ <arg type=\"s\" name=\"machine_uuid\" direction=\"out\"/>
+ </method>
+ </interface>
+ <interface name=\"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2\">
+ <method name=\"Raise\"/>
+ <method name=\"Quit\"/>
+ <property type=\"b\" name=\"CanQuit\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"b\" name=\"CanRaise\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"b\" name=\"HasTrackList\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"s\" name=\"Identity\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"s\" name=\"DesktopEntry\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"as\" name=\"SupportedUriSchemes\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"as\" name=\"SupportedMimeTypes\" access=\"read\"/>
+ </interface>
+ <interface name=\"org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.Player\">
+ <method name=\"Next\"/>
+ <method name=\"Previous\"/>
+ <method name=\"Pause\"/>
+ <method name=\"PlayPause\"/>
+ <method name=\"Stop\"/>
+ <method name=\"Play\"/>
+ <method name=\"Seek\">
+ <arg type=\"x\" name=\"Offset\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ </method>
+ <method name=\"SetPosition\">
+ <arg type=\"o\" name=\"TrackId\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ <arg type=\"x\" name=\"Position\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ </method>
+ <method name=\"OpenUri\">
+ <arg type=\"s\" name=\"Uri\" direction=\"in\"/>
+ </method>
+ <signal name=\"Seeked\">
+ <arg type=\"x\" name=\"Position\"/>
+ </signal>
+ <property type=\"s\" name=\"PlaybackStatus\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <!-- <property type=\"s\" name=\"LoopStatus\" access=\"readwrite\"/> -->
+ <property type=\"d\" name=\"Rate\" access=\"readwrite\"/>
+ <!-- <property type=\"b\" name=\"Shuffle\" access=\"readwrite\"/> -->
+ <property type=\"a{sv}\" name=\"Metadata\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"d\" name=\"Volume\" access=\"readwrite\"/>
+ <property type=\"x\" name=\"Position\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"d\" name=\"MinimumRate\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"d\" name=\"MaximumRate\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"b\" name=\"CanGoNext\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"b\" name=\"CanGoPrevious\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"b\" name=\"CanPlay\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"b\" name=\"CanPause\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"b\" name=\"CanSeek\" access=\"read\"/>
+ <property type=\"b\" name=\"CanControl\" access=\"read\"/>
+ </interface>
+</node>
+"
+ "Mpris introspection data for emms.")
+(defun emms-mpris-introspect ()
+ "Return dbus introspection data."
+ emms-mpris-xml)
+
+(defvar emms-mpris-introspectable-iface-spec
+ '("org.freedesktop.DBus.Introspectable"
+ (("Introspect" emms-mpris-introspect))
+ nil)
+ "Introspectable interface spec for dbus.")
+
+;;** Properties interface
+
+;; We re-implement the "Get" method of the dbus.properties interface.
+;; For why? Well, the default handler looks up the value of a property
+;; in a table which works fine unless we want the "Position" property
+;; of the Player interface which changes all the time (and we don't
+;; want to update the table every second!). So we wrap the default
+;; handle to treat this special case differently.
+
+(defun emms-mpris-get-property-handler (&rest args)
+ "Handle Get event for property in ARGS.
+
+ The Position property gets special treatment."
+ (let* ((last-input-event last-input-event)
+ (prop (cadr args)))
+ (if (string-equal prop "Position")
+ (list :variant :int64
+ (emms-mpris-sec-to-musec emms-playing-time))
+ (apply #'dbus-property-handler args))))
+
+(defvar emms-mpris-properties-iface-spec
+ '("org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties"
+ (("Get" emms-mpris-get-property-handler))
+ nil)
+ "Partial Properties interface spec for dbus.")
+
+
+;;* Implementation
+
+;;** Utilities
+;; Emms thinks in seconds but mpris in microseconds
+(defun emms-mpris-musec-to-sec (ms)
+ "Convert MS microseconds to seconds."
+ (* ms .000001))
+
+(defun emms-mpris-sec-to-musec (s)
+ "Convert S seconds to microseconds."
+ (truncate (* s 1000000)))
+
+;; Track-id is a d-bus object id and these have rules...
+(defun emms-mpris-track-id (track)
+ "Return track-id of TRACK as D-Bus object id."
+ ;; FIX ME: this won't work if we implement the tracklist interface
+ ;; and the tracklist has repeated tracks.
+ (concat "/" (mapconcat #'dbus-escape-as-identifier
+ (split-string (emms-track-get track 'name) "/" t)
+ "/")))
+
+;;** Update properties
+(defun emms-mpris-update-property (iface property access value)
+ "Update PROPERTY on interface IFACE to VALUE."
+ (dbus-register-property :session
+ emms-mpris-service
+ emms-mpris-path
+ iface
+ property
+ access
+ value
+ t nil))
+
+;;*** Playback status
+(defun emms-mpris-status ()
+ "Return the playback status of EMMS as string: Playing, Paused or Stopped."
+ (if emms-player-playing-p
+ (if emms-player-paused-p
+ "Paused" "Playing")
+ "Stopped"))
+
+;;*** Loop status (not used yet)
+(defun emms-mpris-loop-status ()
+ "Return the loop status of EMMS as a string: Track, Playlist or None."
+ (cond (emms-repeat-track "Track")
+ (emms-repeat-playlist "Playlist")
+ (t "None")))
+
+;;*** Metadata
+
+(defvar emms-mpris-metadata-dict
+ '((info-album "xesam:album" :s)
+ (info-albumartist "xesam:albumArtist" :as)
+ (info-artist "xesam:artist" :as)
+ (info-composer "xesam:composer" :as)
+ (info-discnumber "xesam:discNumber" :int)
+ (info-tracknumber "xesam:trackNumber" :int)
+ (info-title "xesam:title" :s)
+ (play-count "xesam:useCount" :int))
+ "Dictionary between emms metadata and mpris metadata.
+
+Each entry of the form (info-field mpris-field dbus-type).")
+
+(defun emms-mpris-dict (k v &optional type)
+ "Return a dbus dict-entry with key K and value V, optionally of type TYPE."
+ (if type
+ (list :dict-entry k (list :variant type v))
+ (list :dict-entry k (list :variant v))))
+
+(defun emms-mpris-convert-field (track info key type)
+ "Convert field INFO of TRACK into dbus dict-entry with key KEY and type
TYPE."
+ (let ((data (emms-track-get track info))
+ value)
+ (when data
+ (setq value (pcase type
+ (:as (list :array data))
+ (:int (if (stringp data) (string-to-number data) data))
+ (:s data)))
+ (emms-mpris-dict key value))))
+
+(defun emms-mpris-metadata (track)
+ "Return mpris metadata for TRACK."
+ (let ((track-name (emms-track-get track 'name))
+ metadata)
+ ;; standard fields
+ (dolist (field emms-mpris-metadata-dict)
+ (when-let ((entry (apply #'emms-mpris-convert-field track field)))
+ (push entry metadata)))
+ ;; url
+ (push (emms-mpris-dict "xesam:url" (url-encode-url (concat "file:"
track-name))) metadata)
+ ;; artUrl
+ (when-let ((art-file (emms-browser-get-cover-from-path track-name
'medium)))
+ (push (emms-mpris-dict "mpris:artUrl" (url-encode-url (concat "file:"
art-file))) metadata))
+ ;; length
+ (push
+ (emms-mpris-dict "mpris:length"
+ (emms-mpris-sec-to-musec (emms-track-get track
'info-playing-time 0))
+ :int64)
+ metadata)
+ ;; trackid
+ (push
+ (emms-mpris-dict "mpris:trackid"
+ (emms-mpris-track-id track)
+ :object-path)
+ metadata)
+ (cons :array metadata)))
+
+(defun emms-mpris-current-metadata ()
+ "Return metadata of current track if it exists, else return a placeholder."
+ (if-let ((track (emms-playlist-current-selected-track)))
+ (emms-mpris-metadata track)
+ '(:array (:dict-entry "mpris:trackid" (:variant :object-path
"/no/track/here")))))
+
+;;*** update them!
+(defun emms-mpris-change-status ()
+ "Notify emms status to dbus."
+ (let ((iface "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.Player"))
+ (emms-mpris-update-property iface
+ "PlaybackStatus"
+ :read
+ (emms-mpris-status))
+ (emms-mpris-update-property iface
+ "Metadata"
+ :read
+ (emms-mpris-current-metadata))))
+
+
+;;** Seek and SetPosition
+
+;;*** Signal position change (after Seek or SetPosition)
+(defun emms-mpris-signal-position (pos)
+ "Send \"Seeked\" signal with new position POS (in seconds)."
+ (dbus-send-signal :session
+ nil
+ emms-mpris-path
+ "org.mpris.MediaPlayer2.Player"
+ "Seeked"
+ :int64
+ (emms-mpris-sec-to-musec pos)))
+
+;;*** Seek method
+(defun emms-mpris-seek (ms)
+ "Method to seek by MS microseconds."
+ (emms-seek (emms-mpris-musec-to-sec ms))
+ (emms-mpris-signal-position emms-playing-time)
+ :ignore)
+
+;;*** SetPosition method
+(defun emms-mpris-set-position (track-id pos)
+ "Method to seek to POS (in microseconds) if current track has id TRACK-ID."
+ (let* ((track (emms-playlist-current-selected-track))
+ (duration (emms-track-get track 'info-playing-time 0))
+ (current-track-id (emms-mpris-track-id track))
+ (pos-in-secs (emms-mpris-musec-to-sec pos)))
+ (when (and (string-equal track-id current-track-id)
+ (<= 0.0 pos-in-secs duration))
+ (emms-seek-to pos-in-secs)
+ (emms-mpris-signal-position emms-playing-time))
+ :ignore))
+
+;;** OpenURI
+
+(defun emms-mpris-open-uri (uri)
+ "Method for opening file URI and playing it."
+ (let* ((parsed-uri (url-generic-parse-url uri))
+ (file (url-unhex-string (url-filename parsed-uri)))
+ (type (url-type parsed-uri)))
+ (when (and (string-equal type "file") (file-exists-p file))
+ (cond ((file-regular-p file) (emms-play-file file))
+ ((file-directory-p file) (emms-play-directory file)))))
+ :ignore)
+
+
+;;* Entry point
+
+(defvar emms-mpris-enabled-p nil
+ "Non-nil if the EMMS mpris service is enabled.")
+
+(defun emms-mpris-enable ()
+ "Activate EMMS dbus service."
+ (interactive)
+ (unless emms-mpris-enabled-p
+ (emms-mpris-register-iface emms-mpris-mediaplayer-iface-spec)
+ (emms-mpris-register-iface emms-mpris-player-iface-spec)
+ (emms-mpris-register-iface emms-mpris-introspectable-iface-spec)
+ (emms-mpris-register-iface emms-mpris-properties-iface-spec)
+ (dbus-register-service :session emms-mpris-service :allow-replacement)
+ (add-hook 'emms-player-started-hook #'emms-mpris-change-status)
+ (add-hook 'emms-player-paused-hook #'emms-mpris-change-status)
+ (add-hook 'emms-player-stopped-hook #'emms-mpris-change-status)
+ (add-hook 'emms-player-finished-hook #'emms-mpris-change-status)
+ (setq emms-mpris-enabled-p t)))
+
+(defun emms-mpris-disable ()
+ "Turn off EMMS dbus service."
+ (interactive)
+ (when emms-mpris-enabled-p
+ (remove-hook 'emms-player-started-hook #'emms-mpris-change-status)
+ (remove-hook 'emms-player-paused-hook #'emms-mpris-change-status)
+ (remove-hook 'emms-player-stopped-hook #'emms-mpris-change-status)
+ (remove-hook 'emms-player-finished-hook #'emms-mpris-change-status)
+ ;; Call this twice: we have two methods for "Get" on the Properties
+ ;; interface (there /must/ be a better way to do this!):
+ (dbus-unregister-service :session emms-mpris-service)
+ (dbus-unregister-service :session emms-mpris-service)
+ (setq emms-mpris-enabled-p nil)))
+
+
+(provide 'emms-mpris)
+;;; emms-mpris.el ends here
diff --git a/emms-setup.el b/emms-setup.el
index b7a9f4e267..895413bce5 100644
--- a/emms-setup.el
+++ b/emms-setup.el
@@ -119,7 +119,8 @@ the stable features which come with the Emms distribution."
(require 'emms-volume)
(require 'emms-playlist-limit)
(require 'emms-librefm-scrobbler)
- (require 'emms-librefm-stream))
+ (require 'emms-librefm-stream)
+ (require 'emms-mpris))
;; setup
(setq emms-playlist-default-major-mode #'emms-playlist-mode)
(add-to-list 'emms-track-initialize-functions #'emms-info-initialize-track)
