This issue hit me yesterday also.

$ lsb_release -rd
No LSB modules are available.
Description:    Ubuntu 24.04.2 LTS
Release:        24.04

- Attached the journal.txt and prevjournal.txt.
- No crash file found in /var/crash.
- No relevant file found in https://errors.ubuntu.com/user/ID.

The only workaround I found was to install lightdm and to switch from
gdm3 to lightdm ("sudo dpkg-reconfigure lightdm"). No other tricks given
in this ticket or in the page
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-
shell/+bug/2089709?comments=all worked for me.

To be able to switch back to gdm3 login again, I found out that in the
file "/etc/gdm3/custom.conf", the "WaylandEnable" line was commented. I
have no idea why, because I never modified this file before:

# Uncomment the line below to force the login screen to use Xorg
#WaylandEnable=false

After uncommenting this line, and rebooting with gdm3, I landed again on
the login window as expected.

I also noticed that when I was trying to login via gdm3, using Wayland
instead of X11 (WaylandEnable=true), then I would fall back on the same
initial issue, no login screen, just a black screen with a mouse cursor.
Essentially same failure as if I had that commented line
"#WaylandEnable=false".

I suspect that one of the latest Ubuntu update forced to use Wayland instead of 
X11 for the login screen, by commenting the line "#WaylandEnable=false
". And apparently, Wayland login would fail to launch on my system.

** Attachment added: "journal_with_pre-journal.zip"
   
https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/gnome-shell/+bug/2089709/+attachment/5866763/+files/journal_with_pre-journal.zip

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https://bugs.launchpad.net/bugs/2089709

Title:
  Ubuntu 24.04 (X11) sometimes logs in to a black screen with only an X
  cursor

Status in gnome-shell package in Ubuntu:
  Incomplete

Bug description:
  I recently upgraded from Ubuntu 22.04 to Ubuntu 24.04. Now whenever I
  log in, sometimes I'll get a blank screen. It will only show the mouse
  cursor as an X.

  The problem seems to be intermittent. So far it's only happened to me
  using X11.

  My current workaround:

  1. Open another terminal (e.g. Ctrl+Alt+F6)
  2. Restart gdm3 (sudo systemctl restart gdm3)

  This seems to be affecting many people, although I couldn't find an
  existing bug: https://askubuntu.com/questions/1514757/issue-with-
  ubuntu-24-04-black-screen-with-cursor-on-login

  $ lsb_release -rd
  No LSB modules are available.
  Description:  Ubuntu 24.04.1 LTS
  Release:      24.04

  $ apt-cache policy gdm3
  gdm3:
    Installed: 46.0-2ubuntu1
    Candidate: 46.0-2ubuntu1
    Version table:
   *** 46.0-2ubuntu1 500
          500 http://ca.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu noble/main amd64 Packages
          100 /var/lib/dpkg/status

  ProblemType: Bug
  DistroRelease: Ubuntu 24.04
  Package: gdm3 46.0-2ubuntu1
  ProcVersionSignature: Ubuntu 6.8.0-48.48-generic 6.8.12
  Uname: Linux 6.8.0-48-generic x86_64
  NonfreeKernelModules: wl
  ApportVersion: 2.28.1-0ubuntu3.1
  Architecture: amd64
  CasperMD5CheckResult: unknown
  CurrentDesktop: ubuntu:GNOME
  Date: Tue Nov 26 14:54:33 2024
  InstallationDate: Installed on 2020-04-24 (1677 days ago)
  InstallationMedia: Ubuntu 20.04 LTS "Focal Fossa" - Release amd64 (20200423)
  SourcePackage: gdm3
  UpgradeStatus: Upgraded to noble on 2024-11-15 (11 days ago)
  modified.conffile..etc.default.apport: [modified]
  modified.conffile..etc.init.d.apport: [modified]
  mtime.conffile..etc.default.apport: 2020-05-04T10:55:44.853443
  mtime.conffile..etc.gdm3.custom.conf: 2022-09-08T08:54:17.642371
  mtime.conffile..etc.init.d.apport: 2024-07-22T10:59:07

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